Immunization is a key part of primary health care and global health security.Every year ,infectious diseases claim millions of lives,primarily in developing nations,and might be largely avoided with the use of vaccines.Vaccines work by stimulating the body’s immune system to produce antibodies that fight diseases-causing germs. The development of vaccines involves careful consideration of antigen classes, formulation, and delivery routes. Vaccine administration can be mucosal (nasal, oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal) or parenteral (intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal), depending on the site of infection, transmission route, and desired immune response. Vaccination remains one of the most cost-effective medical interventions, continuously evolving to enhance efficacy and accessibility. Microneedles (MNs) are medical devices primarily used for drug delivery, disease diagnostics, and collagen induction therapy. Consisting of micro-sized needles (25–2000 μm), MNs offer precise and minimally invasive applications. Though first proposed in the 1970s, their popularity has grown due to advancements in materials and applications. Since the 2000s, MNs have been developed using materials such as silicon, metal, and polymers, and they exist in various forms, including solid, hollow, coated, and hydrogel types. MNs facilitate drug, vaccine, and therapeutic delivery through microneedle patches or microarray patches, with applications spanning ophthalmic, vaginal, transdermal, cardiac, vascular, and gastrointestinal drug administration. Among the most economical medical procedures, microneedle vaccination continues to evolve, improving its effectiveness and accessibility in disease prevention.