Purpose: To evaluate keratometry readings and corneal astigmatic changes following pterygium excision with conjunctivalautograft transplantation.Patients and methods: An observational study performed on 107 patients withprimary pterygium attending at the department of ophthalmology; Rohilkhand medical college & Hospital Bareilly fulfilling the inclusion criteria.Results: It was observed in our study that Power of astigmatism(D) preoperatively was 3.12±1.97 D while postoperatively it was 1.70±1.27 and at first follow up it was 1.43±1.09. On comparing the three values we observed that the pre operative values were significantly more than postoperative and first follow up readings and also the postoperative values were significantly more than the first follow up and average keratometry values preoperatively was 45.51±2.10 while after removal it was 44.99±1.99 and at first follow up it was 44.25±2.22. on comparing the three values we observed that the pre operative values were significantly more than postoperative and first follow up readings and also the postoperative values were significantly more than the first follow up. Conclusion: The present study verifies that there is reduction in astigmatism after successful removal of pterygium and also improved the VA either by decrease in astigmatism or by removal of the pterygium from the pupillary axis.

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and incision & curettage in the treatment of chalazion. Patients and methods: A comparative and randomized study performed on patients with chalazion .Depending on the size of chalazion, patients were distributed in two groups, patient with small sized chalazion (1-4mm) and medium sized chalazion (5-7mm), and based on treatment modality these groups were further subdivided into two groups of 30 patients each with one receiving injection triamcinolone acetonide and other undergoing incision and curettage.Results: 96.70% of patients in Triamcinolone acetonide and Incision and curettage who had size of lesion between 2-4 mm showed complete resolution. This association was not significant. 73.30% of the patients who had size of lesion 5-7 and were given Triamcinolone acetonide showed complete resolution as compared to 93.30% of the patients who underwent Incision and curettage. This association was statistically significant (p=0.038). Conclusion: Triamcinolone acetonide injection proves effective in treating chalazion. This simple and cost-effective procedure can be viewed as an alternative primary treatment option. This method of Triamcinolone acetonide injection, offers a strategy with minimal discomfort and recovery time, hence making the patient more compliant.

The present article describe the effect of a Astocalm plus tablet having anxiolytic effect proved by Monoamine Oxidase inhibition (MAO), Selective Serotonin Re-absorption Inhibition (SSRI), hippocampal region activation, neurite formation, GABAergic activity. The clinical validation has further proved the effect of the formulation in modifying salivary cortisol and salivary amylase in human volunteers during morning and noon hours. The herbs used in the formulation are extremely safe for oral usage. The details of the study findings and statistical significance established by U test and Sign test are presented in the article.

Introduction: There is a significant increase in the incidence of superficial dermatophytosis in India for last 5-6 years. Dermatophytosis poses a significant public health concern. According to Emmons Morphological criteria, dermatophytes are classified into three anamorphic genera (based on conidial morphology). Trichophyton (mainly infect skin, hair and nails) Microsporum (infect skin and hair not the nails) & Epidermophyton (infect skin as well as nails but not the hair). As a result of the variety of species and their habitat association, dermatophytes have long been classified as anthropophilic, zoophilic and geophilic, species that exclusively affect human are known as Anthropohilic while those inhabiting domestic and wild animals as well as birds are called zoophilic and third group isolated from the soil is known as geophilic. Zoophilic species tend to produce highly inflammatory reaction and anthropophilic species produce mild but chronic lesions. These include Tinea pedis (foot) or athlete’s foot and Tinea barbae or barbers itch (bearded area of the face and neck). The disease caused by non Dermatophytic fungi infecting skin are called as dermatomycoses, where hair and nail are known as piedra and onychomycoses respectively. An example of a very common dermatophyte infection is the athlete’s foot also called as Tinea Pedis. Another common dermatophyte infection affecting the groin area is jock itch, also known as tinea cruris. In these infections itching is severe and disabling lesions on the genitals and other area because social embarrassment and impair quality of life also. The epidemiology of dermatophytes varies among countries and even within different regions in the country. Surveillance studies are required to understand the changing clinicoepidemiology and prevalence of culprit agent for the effective treatment. Aims: This present study was conducted to identify the clinical profile and species of dermatophytic infection at our tertiary care centre IIMSR Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India. Study design: The present study was a hospital based observative prospective study. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 29.0.1.1. Chi square test and appropriate tests of significance were applied. Method: It was a hospital based observational study of 156 clinically diagnosed case of dermatophytosis during five months duration. Sociodemographic details, clinical history and detailed examination were conducted from all patients. Skin scrapings were sent to microbiology department of our hospital for direct microscopy and culture. Results: Among 156 patients enrolled males were commonly affected than females, male to female ratio was 2.6:1. Incidence was maximum in rural area 56% as compared to urban. Multiple site infection (35.9%) was found to be commonest clinical type followed by Tinea cruris (16.67%). Trichophyton tonsuran was the commonest isolate obtained (35.2%) followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (22%). The outdoor activities, such as farming, labour work and poor personal hygiene in rural area were identified as risk factor for infection. Conclusion: The present study has provided recent data on etiological agent of dermatophytosis and risk factor in tertiary care ORGINAL ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Rajeev Agarwal et al., Speciation and Clinical Classification of Dermatophytosis in Tertiary Care Hospital. Int. J Med. Pharm. Res., 5(5): 169‐173, 2024 170 Centre.Microscopy with and without culture is an important diagnostic tool in dermatophytosis. It is important to develop measurement for disease prevention and control along with effective therapy.

Caeserean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) is the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy with incidence of 1 in 2000 pregnancies. It requires high degree of suspicion and if not diagnosed and managed early, can result in maternal morbidity and mortality. Due to rise in rate of caesarean sections worldwide, therehas resulted anincrease in rate of caesarean scar ectopic pregnancies. Widespread availability of ultrasound services has helped in early diagnosis and timely management. Here we present 10 cases of Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancies that we have managed over period of 5 years (2018- 2023) in our tertiary care hospital. All cases were diagnosed by either transvaginal scan or transabdominal scan done at our hospital or done outside and then referred to us for management. There are different management options for caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy ranging from conservative to surgical treatment. Medical therapy is by using Inj Methotrexate 1mg /kg body weight intramuscular. Surgical treatment includes ultrasound guided suction evacuation, laparotomy, or laparoscopic excision of scar ectopic. Since the entity is rare, presentations vary, there is no fixed protocol of management of this condition. Patient may be benefited by surgery or sometimes medical management or there may be a combination of medical and surgical management. Traditionally laparotomy was done for removal of scar ectopic, however with advent of good ultrasound machines, wecould manage most cases using ultrasound guided suction evacuation alone. Very few cases required medical management and laparotomyhad to be done in two cases.

Background:Core needle biopsy is a gold standard for the diagnosis of breast lumps. Sometimes it is difficult for patients to afford its cost, especially in low- resource settings. Tissue processing is also not available at all hospitals and with all pathologists.We try to find out the concordance of MMSI (Modified Masood Scoring) in FNAC with histology and its utility in making better diagnoses thereby we can use it as a diagnostic procedure for malignant lesions in a low resource setting.Method: All patients with clinically palpable breast lumps referred to the Pathology department for fine - needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were included. The patient was thoroughly informed and after taking consent, FNAC was done from 3 sites. These specimens’ lesions are also evaluated by applying Modified Masood’s Scoring Index (MMSI) and to access its usefulness in breast cytology also correlate with Histopathology.Results: The 89.52% and 98.15% of histological findings were correlated with MMSI category II and MMSI categories IV respectively. On applying the chi-square test, it is found to be highly significantly associated(p<0.001). Conclusion: MMSI gives a good prediction of the identification of breast lesions so one can plan effective management planning in low resource settings when the availability and affordability of core needle biopsy facility are not available.

Background: Traumatic knee injuries are common and can lead to significant morbidity if not accurately diagnosed and managed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has emerged as a valuable tool for evaluating internal derangements of the knee joint and in the study of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tears. This study aims to evaluate the role MRI and assess its diagnostic accuracy in evaluation of ACL and PCL tears. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 patients with traumatic knee injuries. MRI was performed and the imaging patterns, nature, and mechanism of injuries were analysed. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI in evaluating the ACL and PCL injuries was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Results: The mean age of the patients was 32.8 ± 10.6 years, with a male predominance (73.3%). ACL complete tear (26.7%, p = 0.02) and lateral meniscal tear (33.3%, p = 0.005) were the most common injuries. Joint effusion (63.3%, p < 0.001), bone contusions (36.7%, p = 0.02), and ancillary findings (56.7%, p < 0.001) were frequently observed. MRI demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity ranging from 80.0% to 100%, specificity from 95.0% to 96.3%, PPV from 75.0% to 91.7%, and NPV from 95.5% to 100%. Conclusion: MRI is a highly accurate imaging modality for evaluating ACL and PCL tears of the knee joint. The high prevalence of ligament injuries, along with associated findings, underscores the importance of MRI in the diagnosis and grading of these injuries. Accurate diagnosis using MRI can guide appropriate management and improve patient outcomes.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and evaluate the associated maternal and neonatal outcomes in a tertiary care hospital setting.Methods: This observational study included 180 pregnant women, of which 29 (16.1%) were diagnosed with GDM based on the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed.Results: The prevalence of GDM in the study population was 16.1%. Risk factors significantly associated with GDM included increasing age (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20, p=0.04), family history of diabetes (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.03-5.00, p=0.04), higher BMI (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02- 1.23, p=0.02), and previous history of GDM (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.01-10.73, p=0.049). Women with GDM had higher rates of cesarean delivery (51.7% vs. 33.8%), preeclampsia (17.2% vs. 7.3%), preterm delivery (20.7% vs. 11.9%), and neonatal hypoglycemia (17.2% vs. 6.0%, p=0.04) compared to those without GDM.Conclusion: The prevalence of GDM in this study was 16.1%, and several risk factors were identified. Women with GDM had higher rates of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, highlighting the importance of early screening and management of GDM.

Aims and objective: To compare central corneal thickness and axial length in emmetropes, myopes and hypermetropes. Methods and Material: A cross sectional study was carried out in patients presenting to ophthalmology OPD for routine eye checkup at new Civil Hospital, Surat. Result and Conclusion: The study showed no statistically significant difference between CCT in myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes. Changes in axial length were significant in myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes. There was no statistically significant difference between central corneal thickness in myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes.

Background: Probiotics are defined as “those supplements of food which contain microbial flora that has the capacity to effect human health in a beneficial way.” The most commonly used bacterial strains for probiotic preparations belong to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Aim: Present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of using probiotics for health among dental and medical undergraduate students of Private University, Mehsana, Gujarat.Material and Methods: Cross sectional study conducted among 2nd year dental and medical student of sankalchand Patel University to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of probiotic to overcome various oral health problems by filling a structured selfadministered, close-ended questionnaire including 15 questions. Informed consent will be taken from students before conducting the study. Result: 42.2% of respondents were men and 57.8% of respondents were women among the 230 undergraduate medical and dental students. According to the study, 55.2% of respondents correctly identified the response that live microorganisms are an element of probiotics, and 83.0% of participants are aware of the term probiotics. 38.3% of the participants reported never used probiotics as a medicinal supplement. 87.8% of participants said that it contributes to better dental health. Conclusions: Undergraduate medical and dental students in the current study majority of them knew that probiotics improve immunity and how well food is absorbed by the body. Still, they don't offer the additional health advantages of probiotics. There was also a bit less understanding and clarification around the phrase "prebiotic."