This study aimed to predict atherosclerosis in menopausal women based on independent variables such as age, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), and body mass index (BMI). A total of 105 postmenopausal women attending the gynaecology outpatient department at SMS Medical College, Jaipur, were included in this observational study. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was measured using ultrasound to assess subclinical atherosclerosis. The results indicated that age, DM, HTN, and BMI were significant predictors of increased cIMT. Women with higher BMI, diabetes, and hypertension had significantly greater cIMT values, suggesting a higher risk of atherosclerosis. This study highlights the importance of early screening and management of these risk factors to prevent cardiovascular diseases in menopausal women.

Aim: To assess the radiographic proximity of impacted mandibular third molars to the inferior dental canal(IDC) with its radiographic predictors on digital panoramic radiographs and to evaluate pattern of impacted third molars. Materials & Methods: Preoperative 50 orthopantomograms (OPGs) were examined. The radiographic relationship of the root apex of mandibular third molars and the IDC was assessed and categorized according to the following criteria: adjacent, superimposed, perforation, grooving, notching, or none. The type of impaction, age, and sex of the patient were also noted. Results: The prevalence of adjacent position of IDC with respect to third molar was most common i.e. 60% followed with superimposed (24%). Least common was grooving position (2%). This difference in proportion is statistically significant (p <0.05). Adjacent position was seen more in males (60%) than females (40%). Superimposed was seen more among females (66.7%) as compared to males (33.3%). However there was no significant association between gender and position of IDC (p = .337). The prevalence of vertical pattern of impaction was most common (52%) followed with horizontal (32%) and least common was mesio-angular (16%). This difference was statistically significant (p = .008).Vertical pattern of impaction was prevalent more in male (61.5%) in comparison to female (38.5%). Horizontal pattern was seen more in female (68.8%) than in male (31.3%). However there was no significant association between gender and pattern of impaction (p=0.69). Conclusion: The IDC are mostly bilaterally symmetrical, and the position of the IDC varies with respect to the apices of the roots of the impacted mandibular third molars with the majority being adjacent followed by superimposed. The most common impaction is vertical type. The variation should be appreciated, particularly by the oral surgeon when undertaking surgical removal of the impacted mandibular third molars.

Systemic review and meta-analysis of grey lesions in breast pathology.The current systematic review & meta-analysis adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, making sure that reporting is rigorous and transparent. Our search strategy focused on identifying relevant studies published between May 2020 and May 2021, with an emphasis on English language articles. Medline was systematically queried, and an extensive search of the PubMed Central (PMC) literature was conducted to pinpoint journal articles featuring both FNAC and HPE comparisons. Particularly in a situation where resources are limited, this systematic review and meta-analysis that compares the effectiveness of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) against Histopathological Examination (HPE) is unique. FNAC exhibits substantial predictability in identifying malignancies within the grey zone of breast lesions, reinforcing its efficacy in resource-limited settings.

Background: The subarachnoid block is a preferred regional modality for patients undergoing surgeries of below umbilical region. In this perspective, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of 40 mg intrathecal chloroprocaine1% alone versus in combination with nalbuphine 0.8mg and fentanyl 20 mcg as an adjuvant in day care surgeries performed under subarachnoid block. Method: Overall, 150 patients were enrolled in this research. They were randomly divided into three groups of 50 each with the help of computer-generated random tables. Both the patient and the observer were blinded to the study. Group C, NC and FC received 40mg of 1% chloroprocaine (4ml) with 1 ml normal saline, nalbuphine 0.8 mg in 1 ml, fentanyl 20μg in 1 ml intrathecally respectively. Result: The time of onset of sensory block was calculated when sensory block was achieved at the level L1. No significant difference was observed between groups in onset of sensory block, peak sensory block level and time to reach peak sensory block level. The time for two-segment regression and regression to S2 was statistically significant between groups as the mean time was fastest in group C followed by group FC and NC. The VAS score was greater in control group as compared to group FC and NC at 120 minutes. Conclusion: Thus, we conclude that addition of opioids as an adjuvant to intrathecal short acting local anaesthetic 1% chloroprocaine have synergistic effect on analgesic action without affecting motor block.

Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) within the first hour of birth is crucial for neonatal health and survival. Despite global recommendations, EIBF rates remain suboptimal due to various maternal, medical, and environmental factors. Objective: This study aimed to identify barriers to early initiation of breastfeeding among healthy late preterm and term infants in a tertiary care hospital in Himachal Pradesh, India. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from November 2022 to October 2023. A total of 1,020 mother-infant dyads were enrolled, and data were collected at the time of discharge. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17, with chi-square tests used to determine associations between breastfeeding initiation and maternal factors. Results: Among the participants, 66.1% initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth, while 33.9% had delayed initiation. The most common reasons for delayed breastfeeding included time taken for postnatal transfer (41%) and delayed milk production (40.1%). Other significant factors included maternal discomfort (11.5%), difficulty with positioning/attachment (2.6%), and anatomical challenges such as flat or inverted nipples (1.7%). Early initiation was significantly associated with maternal age (p = 0.003), education level (p = 0.006), and occupation (p = 0.010). Mode of delivery and peripartum complications also had a significant impact (p = 0.001), with cesarean deliveries contributing to delays. Conclusion: While breastfeeding initiation rates in the study population were higher than national averages, logistical barriers, maternal discomfort, and cesarean deliveries contributed to delays. Strengthening postnatal support, improving breastfeeding education, and addressing hospital-related delays can further enhance EIBF rates.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, often leading to complications in pregnancy. This study evaluates the maternal and neonatal outcomes in women diagnosed with PCOS. The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, involving pregnant women with PCOS, tracking their pregnancy progress, complications, and neonatal outcomes. Findings suggest an increased prevalence of gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, and neonatal complications such as low birth weight and NICU admissions. Early diagnosis and proper antenatal care are crucial in improving both maternal and neonatal outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is commonly treated with tympanoplasty, which has a reported success rate of 85-90%. Success is influenced by various factors, including graft material and surgical technique. The Eustachian tube, vital for middle ear function, can be affected by nasal issues such as deviated nasal septum (DNS), which may impact middle ear ventilation. DNS prevalence is around 22.83%, leading to questions about its effect on tympanoplasty outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 50 CSOM patients, divided into two groups based on DNS presence (25 with DNS, 25 without). Patients underwent tympanoplasty using the underlay technique with temporalis fascia graft and were followed for six months to assess graft uptake through otoscopy, microscopy, and audiometry. RESULTS: No significant differences in hearing gain (p=0.3) or graft uptake (p=0.13) were found between the two groups. The A-B gap(air-bone gap) also showed no significant difference (p=0.08). CONCLUSION: The study suggests that DNS may not significantly affect tympanoplasty outcomes, challenging the need for pre-tympanoplasty septoplasty. Larger studies are recommended for further exploration.

Aim and Objective:To evaluate the role of transactional analysis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) control using a validated transactional analysis questionnaire and assess the effect of personality type on diabetes management.

Materials and Method:This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital on T2DM patients (18–60 years) with a disease duration of over one year. Patients were classified as well-controlled or poorly controlled based on HbA1c levels (last three months) or recent medication changes (last month). A validated 36-item transactional analysis questionnaire identified personality types: Nurturing Parent, Critical Parent, Adult, Free Child, and Adopted Child.

Results and Discussion:Among 52 participants (24 males, 28 females, mean age 54 years), 25 were in the well-controlled and 27 in the poorly controlled group. The Nurturing Parent personality type was observed in 22 participants, 14 of whom had well-controlled diabetes. The reliability of the Nurturing Parent scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.654) supported its consistency. Conversely, 9 participants exhibited an Adopted Child personality, with 7 belonging to the poorly controlled group.

Conclusion:Nurturing Parent personality was associated with better diabetes control, while Adopted Child personality correlated with poor control. A concise eight-item questionnaire may help predict diabetes management outcomes in future assessments.

Introduction:Testicular tumors are relatively rare malignancies that primarily affect young men, typically between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Testicular lesions requiring orchidectomy can be both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. Non-neoplastic lesions are more prevalent than neoplastic ones. Incidence rates of testicular tumors show considerable geographical variation, and interestingly, they exhibit aninverse pattern to most cancers, with decreasing incidence as age increases. Surgical removal of the affected testis (orchiectomy) remains the cornerstone of treatment, often followed by chemotherapy or radiation, depending on the stage and histology. Material and Method: This was a retrospective study, in which total 30 testicular cases were retrieved from database between July 2022 to June 2023, in the department of pathology, SMIMER, Surat. Results: There was a total of 30 specimens received in the department of pathology, during the study period. 30%(9 specimen) of the total specimen does not have definite diagnosis(descriptive), 16.6% (5 specimen) was of torsion of testis, 13.3% (4 specimen) was of cryptorchidism, 6.6% (2 specimen) was of atrophy of testis, 6.6% (2 specimen) was of inflammation of testis, 6.6%(2 specimen) was of granulomatous inflammation of testis, 6.6% (2 specimen) was of ectopic testis, 3.3% (1 specimen) was of classic seminoma, 3.3% (1 specimen) was of spermatolytic tumor, 3.3%(1 specimen) was of Leydig cell tumor, 3.3% (1 specimen) was of Germ cell tumors derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) - mixed Germ cell tumor- Teratoma- post pubertal type (Immature teratoma) (70%) + Yolk sac tumor (30%). Conclusion: Testicular tumors are uncommon in our population.Non-neoplastic lesions are more prevalent than neoplastic ones. According to new WHO classification 2022 5 th edition there are new changes. These are the changes. Spermatocytic tumor and seminoma both are germ cell tumors. Spermatocytic tumor is included in Germ cell tumor unrelated to germ cell neoplasia in situ. Seminoma is included in Germ cell tumors derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS).

This study investigates the incidence, causes, and preventive measures for postoperative complications in obstetrics and gynecological surgeries conducted at SMS Medical College, Jaipur, over six months, the research identifies that approximately 10% of patients develop surgical site complications, with a higher prevalence in emergency procedures. The study emphasizes the need for preoperative correction of anemia, glycemic control, and hypertension, along with the use of Monocryl sutures, to reduce complications. The findings highlight the importance of comprehensive preoperative assessments and behavioural modifications to improve surgical outcomes.This study is significant as it provides insights into the prevention of surgical site complications, a major concern in obstetrics and gynecology. By identifying key risk factors and effective preventive strategies, the study aims to enhance patient safety and reduce the incidence of postoperative infections.