The celiac artery, celiac axis or celiac trunk is the first major abdominal branch of the aorta. The celiac trunk originates in the ventral aspect of the aorta, just after it crosses the diaphragmatic aortic hiatus, at the level of the 12th thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae and trifurcates into the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery and splenic artery [1]. This trifurcation was described by von Haller [2] and is considered the classic presentation of the celiac trunk, which is known as “tripus Halleri”. It supplies irrigation to the abdominal foregut derivatives, the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen. Two forms of trifurcation have been described: a “true” tripod is considered when the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery and splenic artery have a common origin, constituting a hepatogastrosplenic trunk. When one of these arteries arises before the remaining two in the course of the celiac trunk, it is called a false tripod.

Diverse classifications also include an incomplete celiac trunk due to bifurcation, while the third branch originates from a different artery, as well as a superior mesenteric artery or inferior mesenteric artery originating in combination with the previous variations, and even independent origins of the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery and splenic artery, which is known as absence of the celiac trunk [3-7]. Several types of variations and additional branches are not included in these classifications. Through a systematic review, Panagouli et al [8] proposed a new classification including all the described celiac trunk variations. Knowledge of the celiac trunk anatomic pattern is clinically relevant in esophageal, gastroduodenal, hepatic, biliary and pancreatic angiographic and surgical procedures.

The purpose of this study was to report the pattern of the celiac trunk and its variations in a sample of Mexican population, according to the classification by Panagouli et al [8].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects

Dissection of the celiac trunk was performed in 140 fresh cadavers. There were 121 male (86.4%) and 19 female cadavers (13.6%); the mean age was 48.8 years (range: 18 - 79 years). The inclusion criteria were: cadavers of aged 18 years and older. Cadavers with previous upper abdominal surgery, abdominal trauma, disease process that distorted the arterial anatomy or signs of putrefaction were excluded. This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of our Hospital. Informed consent was not required.

Cadaveric dissection method

Once the autopsy was concluded, through the autopsy thoracoabdominal midline incision, the liver, the stomach, and pancreas were dissected and retracted. Once the common hepatic artery, the left gastric artery and the splenic artery were identified, their course was followed to their site of origin. The presence of a “true tripod” or a “false tripod” was examined. Celiac trunk variations, accessory vessels and site of origin were also recorded. Celiac trunk patterns were reported according to the Panagouli classification. The stomach, large and small bowels and the pancreas were dissected and retracted in order to expose the total length of the abdominal aorta. The vertebral level of the celiac trunk origin was determined by palpation in cephalic direction beginning from the fifth lumbar vertebral body.

Arterial measurement and documentation

Arterial external diameters were measured using a PRECISE 3” Mini Vernier Caliper - Plastic Precision: 1/128 inch or 0.05 mm. A measuring tape was used to measure arterial lengths. Photographs of the celiac trunk and its branches were taken using a digital camera (Nikon, Model D5100. 16.2MP).

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics, including the mean, maximum and minimum values, and standard deviation (SD), were used to describe the continuous variables. Percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Continuous variables were assessed with the Student’s t-test. P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS version 20 statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0, IBM Corp.,). Data were collected and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0, IBM Corp.).

RESULTS

The celiac trunk derived in a common hepatic artery, a left gastric artery and a splenic artery (type I) in 43.6% of the cadavers (61/140). Trifurcation of the celiac trunk into the common hepatic artery, the left gastric artery and the splenic artery (“true tripod” or tripus Halleri) was found in 7.1% of dissections (10/140) (Fig. 1). The celiac trunk was divided in two vessels, while the third branch originated earlier in the course of the celiac trunk (“false tripod”) in 36.4% of the subjects (51/140). In 96.1% of such “false tripod” cases (49/51), the left gastric artery originated before the hepatic and splenic arteries (hepatosplenic trunk) (Fig. 2). In the remaining 3.9% of “false tripod” cases (2/51), the common hepatic artery arose earlier than the left gastric and splenic arteries (gastrosplenic trunk) (Fig. 3) (Table 1).

Figure 1: true tripod or tripus Halleri

Figure 2: false tripod

Figure 3: false tripod

Table 1. Celiac Trunk Patterns According to the Panagouli Classification in Our Series (n = 140).

CT: celiac trunk; LGA: left gastric artery; CHA: common hepatic artery; SA: splenic artery; AA: abdominal aorta; SMA: superior mesenteric artery.

Bifurcation of the celiac trunk (type II) was found in 7.1% of the cadaveric dissections (10/140) (Table 1). The celiac trunk bifurcated into the common hepatic artery and splenic artery (hepatosplenic trunk) in 33.3% of bifurcations (4/12), whereas the left gastric artery originated from the abdominal aorta (Fig. 4). Bifurcation of the celiac trunk into splenic artery and left gastric artery (splenogastric trunk) artery was found in 25% (3/12), with the common hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery (Fig. 5). Celiac trunk bifurcation into common hepatic artery and gastric artery (hepatogastric trunk) was observed in 8.3% (1/12), while the splenic artery arose from the SMA (Fig. 6).

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Additional branches (type III) were observed in 47.9% of the subjects (67/140) (Table 1). Table 2 describes the celiac trunk patterns with additional branches found. One or both phrenic arteries originated from the celiac trunk in 41.4% of cases (58/140). Separated inferior phrenic arteries originating from the celiac trunk were the most frequent finding (13.6%, 19/140) (Fig. 7), followed by a right inferior phrenic artery (10%, 14/140), and both inferior phrenic arteries originating from a common trunk (7.9%; 11/140) (Fig. 8). The most common presentation of celiac trunk with additional branches was a false tripod with the left gastric artery arising first, and left and right inferior phrenic arteries arising independently, which was found in 22.4% (15/67), followed by a false tripod, with the left gastric artery arising first, and the right inferior phrenic artery in 17.9% (12/67). Tetrafurcation was found in 32.9% of the cadavers (46/140), while pentafurcation was observed in 12.9% (18/140), hexafurcation in 1.4% (2/140) and heptafurcation in 0.7% (1/140). The first case of hexafurcated celiac trunk was a female cadaver where left and right inferior phrenic arteries arose independently, followed by the left gastric artery and ending in trifurcation into common hepatic artery, splenic artery and dorsal pancreatic artery. The second case of celiac trunk hexafurcation was found in a female cadaver where the left inferior phrenic artery arose first, followed by the left middle adrenal artery, and the right inferior phrenic artery, ending in a common origin for the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. The case of celiac trunk heptafurcation was a male cadaver where the left inferior phrenic artery arose first, after which the left middle adrenal artery, right inferior phrenic artery and left gastric artery arose independently, and ended in a trifurcation, which gave origin to the common hepatic, splenic and gastroduodenal arteries (Fig. 9).

Table 2. Celiac Trunk Patterns With Additional Branches (Type III, Panagouli Classification) and Different Forms in Our Series (n = 67).

LGA: left gastric artery; CHA: common hepatic artery; AA: aortic artery; IPAs: inferior phrenic arteries; LIPA: left inferior phrenic artery; RIPA: right inferior phrenic artery; GDA: gastroduodenal artery; DPA: dorsal pancreatic artery; LMAA: left medial adrenal artery; SMA: superior mesenteric artery.

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

The mean diameter of the celiac trunk ranged from 6 to 12 mm, with a mean diameter of 7.2 mm (SD = 1.39 mm). No significant difference was found between the diameters of the different types of celiac trunk (P > 0.05) (Fig. 10).

Figure 10.

External diameter (mm) of the celiac trunk in the present series (n = 138). Data are presented as mean and standard deviation (P > 0.05). The two cases of splenogastric trunk giving rise to a common inferior phrenic trunk (Panagouli type IX) are not included.

The celiac trunk originated in a range between the 10th thoracic vertebral body and the first lumbar vertebral body. The emergence of the celiac trunk was found between the 12th thoracic vertebral body and the first lumbar vertebral body in 90% of the cadavers, while the median level was at the 12th thoracic vertebral body (Table 3).

Table 3. Vertebral Level of Origin of the Celiac Trunk in Our Series (n = 140).

T10: 10th vertebral thoracic body; T11: 11th vertebral thoracic body; T12: 12th vertebral thoracic body; L1: first vertebral lumbar body.

DISCUSSION

The systematic review by Panagouli et al [8] showed that the celiac trunk trifurcates into the common hepatic artery, the left gastric artery and the splenic artery (type I) in 89.42% of the cases. The prevalence of this presentation has been found between 40% and 94.2% in cadaveric studies, and reaching up to 95.9% in radiologic studies and 98.3% in liver transplantation studies [9-12]. Song et al [13] in a radiologic series of 5,002 patients, observed a classic celiac trunk trifurcation in 89.1% of the patients. Different forms of bifurcated or incomplete celiac trunk (type II) have been found, with prevalence ranging from 1.3% to 25% [3, 14]. The most common types of bifurcation are: hepatosplenic trunk, with the left gastric artery originating from the abdominal aorta (3.34%), splenogastric and hepatomesenteric trunk (1.9%) and splenogastric trunk with the common hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery (1.13%) [8]. The absence of celiac trunk (type VII) is an uncommon presentation, with prevalence ranging from 0% to 2.6%, with a mean prevalence of 0.38% [3, 8, 14].

In our study, celiac trunk trifurcation (type I) was found in 43.6% (61/140), which is a much lower proportion than previously reported. Cadaver, imaging, and liver transplantation studies have reported celiac trunk trifurcation in 85.1%, 89.6%, and 95.4%, respectively [8]. In contrast, cadaveric studies by Chitra [9], Nelson et al [15], Mburu et al [16], and Farghadani [17] reported trifurcated celiac trunk prevalences of 40%, 60%, 61.8%, and 63.6%, respectively. In our study, the false tripod of the celiac trunk was present in 36.4% (51/140), which predominated over the true form of the celiac trunk (7.1%, 10/140). The most common form of false tripod was a hepatosplenic trunk, with a left gastric artery as the first branch of the celiac trunk (35%, 49/140). A gastrosplenic trunk, with a common hepatic artery as the first branch of the celiac trunk was found in 1.4% (2/140). There were no cases of hepatogastric trunk, with the splenic artery as the first branch. A clear predominance of false tripod over true tripod has been reported, with prevalences between 50.4% and 71% [7, 18, 19]. Venieratos et al (2013) reported a contrasting predominance of true tripod, with a prevalence of 74%. The most common false tripod is the hepatosplenic trunk, with a left gastric artery emerging first [7]. This is consistent with the findings in our study.

Celiac trunk bifurcation (type II) constitutes the most common variation of the celiac trunk, with a mean prevalence 7% [8]. In the present series, the prevalence of celiac trunk bifurcation was 7.1% (10/140). The hepatosplenic trunk, with the left gastric artery originating from the abdominal aorta, is the most frequent type of bifurcation [3, 13, 16, 18, 20]. This is also consistent with the present study (2.9%).

Absence of the celiac trunk (type VII) is the most infrequent variation, with a mean prevalence of 0.38%. In many studies, no celiac trunk absence has been found [3, 11, 12, 15, 16, 20]. In our study, no case of absence of celiac trunk was found.

Additional branches have been referred by Vandamme et al [21] as collaterals or tributaries. The celiac trunk provides one or more collateral arteries in 50% of subjects. The most frequent additional branches are single or double inferior phrenic arteries, which have been described in 40% of cases [22]. In a cadaver study by Greig et al [23], the phrenic arteries originated from the celiac trunk in 46.8% of the dissections, compared to the abdominal aortic origin, which contributed with 45.1% of the cases. In 20.9% of the cadavers, the phrenic arteries arose independently from the celiac trunk, whereas a common phrenic trunk was found in 12.2% of the specimens. In a multidetector computed tomography study by Basile et al [24] the right and left inferior phrenic arteries arose from the celiac trunk in 41% and 44% of the patients, respectively, whereas their origin was from the abdominal aorta in 49% and 47.5%, respectively. In our series, additional vessels were found in 47.9% (67/140) of dissections. One or both phrenic arteries originated from the celiac trunk in 41.4% of cases (58/140). Separated inferior phrenic arteries originating from the celiac trunk were the most frequent finding (13.6%, 19/140), followed by a right inferior phrenic artery (10%, 14/140) (Table 2).

Srivastava et al [25] in a CT-angiographic study found a trifurcated celiac trunk in 28%, bifurcation in 8%, tetrafurcation in 36%, pentafurcation in 20%, and hexafurcation in 4%, while in 4% the celiac trunk was absent. In our series, 32.9% of cadavers (46/140) presented a celiac trunk tetrafurcation, while a pentafurcation was found in 12.9% (18/140), hexafurcation in 1.4% (2/140) and heptafurcation in 0.7% (1/140). Celiac trunk hexafurcation and heptafurcation are uncommon presentations.

Representative reports of celiac trunk hexafurcation are presented in Table 4 [9, 26-29]. Astik and Dave [27] reported a case of celiac trunk heptafurcation, in which a left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery, right inferior phrenic artery, gastroduodenal artery, left superior adrenal artery and left middle adrenal artery were observed. In our series, we found one dissection where the left inferior phrenic artery, left middle adrenal artery and right inferior phrenic artery originated prior to the classic three vessels, after which the gastroduodenal artery originated. To our knowledge, our case of celiac trunk heptafurcation is the second reported in literature.

Table 4. Description of Celiac Trunk Hexafurcation and Heptafurcation Cases.

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LGA: left gastric artery; SA: splenic artery; CHA: common hepatic artery; LIPA: left inferior phrenic artery; RIPA: right inferior phrenic artery; LGEA: left gastroepiploic artery; GDA: gastroduodenal artery; LSAA: left superior adrenal artery; LMAA: left middle adrenal artery; AAPD: aberrant artery supplying the pancreas and duodenum; IPA: inferior phrenic artery; DAB: duodenal arterial branch.

A study by Singh et al [30] observed a mean diameter of the celiac trunk of 6.6 mm, with a minimum 4 mm and maximum 10 mm. This finding is similar to the mean diameter in our study (7.2 mm, range from 6 to 12 mm) (Fig. 10).

The vertebral level of origin of the celiac trunk has been reported between the 10th thoracic and the second lumbar vertebral body [14, 31-33]. Cauldwell et al [32] reported that almost 75% of cadaveric dissections showed a celiac trunk origin at a level between the 12th thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae, with a global range between the 11th thoracic and the second lumbar vertebral bodies. In the present study, the celiac trunk originated between the 12th thoracic vertebral body and the first lumbar vertebral body in 90% of the cadavers (Table 3).

Some arteries of small diameter may not be identified in imaging procedures. In liver transplantation and other surgical dissections, the visual appreciation may be limited to the surgical field and some arteries may not be followed in order to identify all their possible ramifications. Cadaveric dissections must identify all the anatomic variations.

The classification proposed by Panagouli et al [8] is based on an extensive review of the literature. All possible variations of the celiac trunk are included. Therefore, our study classified the cadaveric dissection findings according to this classification. We consider it practical and useful. It should be noted that we further classified the type III of such classification, which represents additional branches, in order to classify all the celiac trunk patterns found in our study (Table 2).

The anatomical variants of the celiac trunk are secondary to differences of the embryonic development of the primitive arterial system [34]. A genetic cause has been considered as an explanation to differences in celiac trunk variants. Gender differences are not documented in most studies. Studies by Venieratos et al [14] and Chen et al [20] revealed no differences between genders. Most dissections in our study were performed in male gender cadavers (86.4%, 121/140), which limit an appropriate comparison. The incidence of celiac trunk variants may be influenced by ethnicity [8]. Our study was conducted in cadavers of Mexican nationality, and only 43.6% presented a trifurcated celiac trunk, either a common origin or with one of the three arteries arising first. This incidence is higher than those observed in Korean (10.9%), Caucasian (8.6%), Japanese (10.7%), Indian (30%) and Afro-American population (39%) [8]. A study by Araujo Neto et al [35] reported that only 10% of subjects presented a celiac trunk variation, but ethnicity was not assessed.

Knowledge of the celiac trunk anatomic patterns and variations is clinically relevant for image studies interpretation and image guided interventional procedures, as well as for esophageal, gastroduodenal, hepatic, biliary, pancreatic, splenic and colonic surgical procedures [8, 36, 37].

In conclusion, trifurcation of the celiac trunk was lower than previously reported. A high proportion of cases with additional vessels were found. The inferior phrenic arteries were the most frequent additional branches.

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