Background: Vesiculobullous lesions present with fluid filled cavity within or beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane or both. Various type of pathologic process includes inflammatory, autoimmune, infective, drug induced or genetic causes can lead to development of vesiculobullous eruption. Methods: In this study 65 clinically diagnosed cases of vesiculobullous lesions were included from January -2019 to December -2022. Clinical data like age, sex, duration & site of lesion, history of any disease or drug, any significant family or personal history noted. Punch biopsy has been taken and after processing and staining with haematoxylin-eosin it was examined under the microscope. Results:Vesiculobullous lesions were seen among 5 years to 92 years of age. Out of 65 cases 35 were male and 30 females. In present study Pemphigus Vulgaris was most common -16 cases (24.6%) followed by Bullous Pemphigoid -13 cases (20%). 10 cases of Pemphigus Foliaceus, 8 cases of Steven Johnson Syndrome & 4 cases each of Hailey Hailey disease & Linear IgA dermatosis were reported. 3 cases each of Dermatitis herpetiform&Darier’s disease were also reported – less common lesion include Sub corneal pustulardermatosis, Bullous fixed drug reaction (1 case each). In 2 cases of vesiculobullous lesions further Direct Immunofluorescence technique (DIF) required to confirm accurate diagnosis.Conclusion: Histopathological examination along with clinical correlation is required to confirm the diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions and in some cases, direct immunofluorescence is required for final diagnosis.

Introduction: Menopause, defined as 12 consecutive months without menstruation, is a major milestone for women. With increasing life expectancy in India, focusing on menopause health, developing resources, and educating women about symptoms and treatments is essential. The Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) assesses the impact of menopause on quality of life, highlighting the need for better knowledge and a positive attitude for improved health outcomes. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study, conducted at SMS Medical College, Jaipur, used the MEN-QOL questionnaire to evaluate menopausal women. Results: The average age of menopause was found to be 48.5 ± 4.4 years. Rural women reported physical symptoms (76%) as most bothersome, while urban women experienced vasomotor symptoms (66%) more prominently. The study revealed a significant knowledge gap among postmenopausal women.Conclusion: The research indicated that inadequate knowledge and mindset regarding menopause adversely affected women's quality of life. Thus, improving education and attitudes about menopause is crucial.

Candida species are part of the normal flora of humans. A number of variables are known to promote both superficial and deep-seated candidiasis, and they work either by disrupting the balance of the body's normal microbial flora or by reducing host resistance. Candida's pathogenicity is attributed to its virulence factors, one of which is biofilm development. The ability to produce biofilms is linked to pathogenecity and should be regarded a key virulence characteristic during candidiasis. Aim: To detect biofilm formation among the clinical isolates of Candida species using modified Tissue Culture Plate Method and antifungal susceptibility pattern in Candida species withbiofilm production. This study was a prospective study conducted during a period of 1year on the samples received in microbiology lab,Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur for culture sensitivity test.In this study,155(05.17%) Candida species strains were isolated,out of 2995 various clinical specimens.There is an increase prevalence of non Candidaalbicans 101(65.16%) species [C. tropicalis55 (35.48%), C. parapsilosis19 (12.26%), C. krusei14 (09.03%), C. and C.kefyr 04 (02.58%)] isolated from various clinical samples and showed strong biofilm producers compared to C. albicans54(34.84%) species. Out of 155 Candida strains tested 118 (76.13%) were found to be biofilm producers. The positivity was more with urine samples 77 (82.8%) followed by sputum samples 16 (72.72%) andblood 13 (50%) isolates. TCP (Tissue culture plate) method detects 40% as Strong biofilm producers (4+, 3+), 27.74% as Moderate biofilm producers (2+), 08.39% as Weak biofilm producers (1+) and 23.87% strains were biofilm negative. There was high resistance pattern among biofilm producers in comparison with non-biofilm producers. The majority of the resistance of biofilm producing isolates was belonging to fluconazole (91.43%) followed by itraconazole (86.44%), voriconazole (83.05%) and ketoconazole (71.19%).In this study, amphotericin-B was found effective against biofilm producing Candida Species. Non-biofilm producing Candida species strains were comparatively much more sensitive to these antifungal agents. Reduced susceptibility to medications like azoles, as revealed in our work, is a critical concern in the treatment of immunocompromised patients with serious illnesses. As a result, antifungal susceptibility testing and biofilm identification is a potential approach for predicting a given agent's activity in diverse clinical isolates

Background:The study focused on evaluating the Follicular Output Rate (FORT) as a prognostic indicator for how well a patient responds to Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) during ovarian stimulation in IVF/ICSI cycles and its association with reproductive outcomes. The study involved calculating the FORT for a cohort of 138 women undergoing IVF/ICSI. FORT was determined by comparing the number of preovulatory follicles at the time of hCG administration to the initial antral follicle count (AFC) before stimulation. The accuracy of FORT as a prognostic indicator was evaluated by comparing it with actual reproductive outcomes, such as the number of mature oocytes retrieved, quality of oocytes, number of embryos, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates. Result: The mean age (±SD) of the women was 31.36 years (± 3.28 years), the mean FORT was 53.453. Based on FORT values, study population was divided into three groups, those with low (≤42), medium (>42 to 58) or high FORT (>58). Those with Positive pregnancies had much higher FORT levels (74.025) than those with Negative pregnancies (38.975) and this result was statistically significant. FORT and number of mature oocytes (MII) retrieved were positively correlated and the number of oocytes and embryos obtained increased progressively from the low to the high FORT groups. Conclusion: The study found that FORT is a reliable and accurate indicator of ovarian response to FSH. A higher FORT correlates with a better response to FSH, leading to more mature follicles and higher quality oocytes.

Introduction: Psoriasis is chronic immune-mediated disease with a focus on the skin. This condition, which relapses and remitsovera patient's lifetime, affects about 1%-6% of the Indian population. Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, and retinoids are recommended by the American Academy of Dermatology and the National Psoriasis Foundation as first-line treatments for people with mild to moderate localized plaque psoriasis. Recent studies show role of vitamin D in many immune mediated skin diseases like psoriasis and oral vitamin D remain safe, widely available and inexpensive treatment. Vitamin D3 have also some effects in metabolic syndrome. Aim: Aim of the study is to see the efficacy and safety of oral vitamin D3 in addition to topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis. Methodology: 64 patients from Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, sir T hospital Bhavnagar of chronic plaque psoriasis were randomly divided in two groups. Both the groups were followed up for 10 weeks and evaluated with gross photographs, PASI score and global improvement score. Results: After 10 weeks improvement in PASI in Group A was 5.17±3.14 and in Group B 6.88±4.06. But while comparing both means using Mann Whitney test, P value was 0.029 which was considered significant. While GIS between group A and Group B was not significant with p value =0.264. Conclusion: Oral vitamin D can be safe, effective, and cheap therapeutic modality as supplement with topical steroids to psoriasis patients. Unlike most systemic drugs currently used in psoriasis, the adverse effects of which are significant, and many of them are costly.

Introduction:People over 50 who have ARMD, also known as age-related macular degeneration disorder, suffer from a degenerative disease. Drusen, geographic RPE atrophy, separation of the serous retinal pigment epithelium, and choroidal neovascularization were all symptoms of the disorder. The main factor causing lifelong blindness is ARMD. The forecasted increase is substantial because it is predicted that the population of people 80 and older would increase by 105% in the following ten years. Wet / exudative / neovascular and dry /atrophic / non-neovascular degenerative lesions of the macula are the two categories, clinically speaking. Loss of vision may result from either of these categories. Aim and Objective: Aim of the study is to find out ocular problems in different types of age-related Macular Degeneration (ARMD). Material and Method: It is a hospital based prospective study. After taking into consideration the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients whose having different types of age-related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) and their ocular problems operated in Department of Ophthalmology, M. P. Shah medical college, Jamnagar between December 2021 to June 2022 at our institute observed for study. Result: We enrolled 200 patients with Age related macular degeneration patients who visiting at our OPD centre. In our study population, the highest percentage observed in the age group of 66- 75 years age group. Female predominance was seen. Dry ARMD was significantly higher in females compared to males. Conclusion: In the coming years, ARMD will become an important cause of vision loss in India due to ageing population because of better longevity.

Introduction: The development of technology in education made a noticeable transformation in the methods of teaching, presenting information, and sources for studying. However, this convenient lifestyle still raised a health-related concern. Among the health-related aspects is a condition known as computer vision syndrome (CVS). CVS symptoms occur when there is a need to increase the visual demand to the extent it exceeds the person’s visual ability. Dry eyes have been proved to play as a major contributor to CVS symptoms. Aim and Objective: Aim of this study is to study computer vision syndrome in medical students. Material and Method: An observational, cross-sectional study of 250 Undergraduate medical students in government medical college, Jamnagar between December 2021 to June 2022. Questionnaire was used to record asthenopic symptoms and daily exposure to electronic screens. Result: 170 boys and 80 girls who were examined by only one ophthalmologist. Sample comprised of Control Group (Students whose overall screen time is less than 4 hours) of 75 students and Case Group (Students whose overall screen time is more than 4 hour every day) of 175 students. Conclusion: As the use of computer had become universal in higher education institutions, the subject of the prevention of CVS and associated discomfort should be made part of the curriculum in higher institutions. The application of lubricant eye drops constitutes basic therapeutic approach in combating most of the symptoms of CVS. Hence, it can be implemented in all the areas of computer utility as it is economical and easily accessible.

Inadequate initial trauma management might result in a high fatality rate. Moreover, unexpected injury results in changes to metabolism, inflammation, and haemodynamics. Enteral nutrition (EN) is strongly advised as a feeding access method rather than parenteral nutrition (PN) according to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) standards. Enteral tube feeding is now the most widely used technique of providing nutritional support for critically ill individuals due to significant advancements in enteral formulations over the past several years. Formulas based on peptides comprise proteins that have undergone hydrolysis to yield peptides of different lengths. Here, we describe a patient's experience receiving postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) care while receiving dietary therapy. Enteral nutrition (EN) was not started for more than two weeks, despite the patient's lack of malnutrition at ICU admission. The present case study underscores the significance of nutrition interventions for critically ill trauma patients who are at increased risk of malnourishment. It demonstrates the efficaciousness of peptide-based high-protein, high-calorie, and appropriate nutrition therapy in meeting the patients' nutritional requirements and promoting prompt wound healing.

Purpose:To compare the visual outcome and different complications after Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy in patients with Posterior Capsular Opacity and analyse the changes in intraocular pressure following Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy.Patients and methods:All the patients reporting at the OPD were evaluated clinically and by proper history which included type of cataract surgery performed along with the date of surgery, and its functional impairment and symptoms of patients. A complete pre laser and post laser work up was done. Posterior Capsulotomy was performed with Nd:YAG Laser starting from a minimum pulse energy and then gradually increasing the energy.Results:To Significant visual improvement was seen 1 hr after laser capsulotomy. 12.7% of patients had improved visual acuity of 3/60-6/60 and 55.9% patients had VA of 6/60- 6/18 and 27.9% had improved visual acuity of 6/12-6/6; 4 patients showed no visual improvement in VA. The percentage of patients with better visual acuity had increased gradually during follow up period – at 24 Hours, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. At the end of 3 months, 3.3% of patients had VA of less than 3/60. 0.84%% of patients had VA of 3/60- 6/60, 26.27% of patients had VA of 6/36- 6/18, and 69.49% of patients had VA of 6/12-6/6.Conclusion:The Nd:YAG laser is a noninvasive surgical tool that provides excellent posterior capsulotomies. It safe, least time consuming and readily acceptable to patients can be done as a day care procedure, thus preferred over surgical intervention that is, manual surgicalcapsulotomy.

Granulosa cell tumours of the ovary belong to the group of sex cord stromal tumours of the ovary. Adult granulosa cell tumours comprises of approximately 1% of all ovarian tumours and 95% of all granulosa cell tumours. They are seen more often in postmenopausal as compred to premenopausal women, with a peak incidence in between 50 and 55 years of age. Here, we present 5cases of young female out of which 1 was very rare for the age, diagnosed early as well conceived even after unilateral oophorectomy. The others were with acute presentation and few diagnosed incidentally came with complains of irregular menses and abdominal pain

Introduction:Thyroid swelling is a significant clinical problem in general population but majority of them are benign lesions. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is well established first line diagnostic test for evaluation of diffuse thyroid lesions. The main purpose of FNAC is to confirm benign lesions and thus reducing unnecessary surgery. Aims and Objectives:To study various lesions of thyroid swelling by FNAC and correlation between the cytological and histopathological diagnosis.Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Tertiary care center, Nashik from August 2020 to December 2022 to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in lesions of thyroid. The cyto-histological correlation was done in all the cases. Results:Out of total 113 cases, 3 cases (2.65%) were diagnosed as non-diagnostic (Bethesda category I), 87 cases (76.98%) as Benign (Bethesda category II), 9 cases (7.96%) as Atypia of undetermined significance,13 cases (11.50%) as Follicular neoplasm (Bethesda category IV) and 1 case (0.88%) as Suspicious of neoplasm (Bethesda category V) on cytological examination. On histopathological study,97 cases (85.84%) were diagnosed as nonneoplastic and benign while 16 cases (14.16%) as malignant. The PPV, NPV, Sensitivity, Specificity of FNAC were 92.85%, 94.25%, 72.22% and 98.79% respectively. The diagnostic accuracy was 94.05%. Conclusion: Simplicity, diagnostic accuracy and most of all cost effectiveness have given FNA the status of the first line diagnostic test in preoperative evaluation of thyroid lesions. FNA has been shown in to be the safest and most accurate of diagnostic tools in thyroid lesions.

Background: Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an essential diagnostic tool for detecting intra-abdominal masses, offering a cost-effective, safe, and accurate method for diagnosing benign and malignant lesions. Objective: This study aimed to establish ultrasound-guided FNAC as an accurate diagnostic method for intraabdominal solid masses and correlate FNAC findings with histological results. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted from November 2022 to January 2024 at Sher-e-Bangla Medical College Hospital (SBMCH), Barisal, involving 45 pediatric patients (24 males, 21 females) aged 3 months to 14 years. All patients underwent both FNAC and open biopsy. Data were analysed using SPSS v. 26 software to determine the accuracy of FNAC compared to histopathological findings. Results: Out of 45 cases, 10 (22.2%) were cytologically diagnosed as benign, including 4 (8.9%) non-neoplastic and 6 (13.3%) benign neoplastic. Thirty-three (73.3%) were diagnosed as malignant. Upon histological examination, 9 cases (20%) were confirmed benign, and 36 (80%) were malignant. One case showed a false negative (malignant histology, benign cytology). There were no false positives, with a sensitivity of 97.06% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided FNAC is a highly accurate, non-invasive, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for intra-abdominal solid masses in pediatric patients, significantly reducing the need for surgical interventions.

Introduction: Identification of an individual whether living or dead is one of the most crucial tasks in medico-legal practice. Determination of stature is quite easy when complete body is recovered, but it will become difficult task for forensic experts when there are only few body parts or fragments. Clavicle is one of the long bones of the body. Many studies have been done in estimation of age and sex from clavicle but only fewer studies have been conducted in relation to estimation of stature from clavicle from this population. Objective: To estimate the stature of individual from maximum length of clavicle. Methods: Cross sectional analytical study was conducted in Department of Forensic Medicine in Medical College during October 2023 to November 2023. Study population included 181 medical students in the age group of 22-25 years, from rural Government Medical College, Maharashtra. Results: Correlation co-efficient for both right and left clavicles in female for stature were 0.307 and 0.301 respectively and for males, 0.372 and 0.362 respectively. The differences observed in height and length of clavicle between males and females were statistically significant (p<0.05), mean values of length of both right and left clavicle and height being higher in males than in females. It was observed that, there was no significant difference between measured height and height estimated from length of clavicle by using regression equation in both male and female participants. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between stature and length of clavicle in male and female study participants. Thus, clavicle can be used for estimation of stature.

Introduction:The disability experienced by persons on account of blindness and visual impairment (VI) has been a well-recognized concern since centuries. In 2017, the Indian definition was also revised and was made consistent with the international definition and blindness is now defined as – presenting distance visual acuity less than 3/60 in the better eye and limitation of field of vision to be less than 10⁰ from center of fixation. Aim and Objective: To Identify Various Causes of Blindness in patients seeking visual disability certificate. Material and Method: A retrospective study of patients seeking visual disability certificate in the Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Gobind Singh Government Hospital, Jamnagar district from January 2017 to December 2021. Result: Out of 283 cases in the study, most of them were in the age group of 31- 40 years. Oldest in the study group was 86 years, and youngest was 3 years. Males were more compared to females in this study. Conclusion: Safety education for every factory worker should be made mandatory. Visual disability certificates should be minimised through awareness and education of people on other hand

A 42year old lady, without any previous comorbidities presented with complaints of fever with chills and rigor for 8 days and loose stools. She was diagnosed with Salmonella paratyphi A septicemia and was treated with appropriate antibiotics. But her clinical condition worsened, and her fever continued. On PET-CT whole body, she was detected to have a pulmonary embolism. Her thrombophilia panel check was negative. She was treated with a therapeutic dose of low molecular weight heparin Enoxaparin and appropriate antibiotics. Thus, we present a rare case of in-situ pulmonary embolism formation following enteric fever in an Indian lady

Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy caused by a group of ocular conditions, which lead to damage of the optic nerve with loss of visual function. The aim is to assess the level of knowledge regarding the association between diabetes and glaucoma, highlighting potential gaps in awareness. A cross-sectional approach was employed with 300 diabetic patients attending the hospital. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed to determine the prevalence of glaucoma awareness, identify factors influencing awareness, and assess the impact of awareness on preventive measures. Among 300 patients involved in the study, a mere 26 individuals (8.6%) were familiar with the term glaucoma and only 14 individuals (4.6%) had some understanding of glaucoma. The subjects exhibited a notable lack of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma. Findings from this research will contribute to valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policymakers to enhance awareness programs, ultimately promoting early detection and management of glaucoma in diabetic population.

Introduction: Antenatal fetal surveillance is essential for improving outcomes in highrisk pregnancies. The Non-Stress Test (NST) plays a critical role in assessing fetal well-being by evaluating heart rate responses to fetal movements. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of NST in predicting outcomes in pregnancies beyond 32 weeks. The objectives include assessing the correlation between NST findings and maternal outcomes, evaluating its association with fetal outcomes.Materials and Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted in the labor room of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at GMC Akola over 18 months. It included 107 pregnant women beyond 32 weeks of gestation. Data collection involved medical history, obstetric examination, and NST results. Outcomes such as delivery mode, birth weight, APGAR scores, NICU admissions, and hospital stay were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.Result: The study found 84(79%) of NSTs were reactive, indicating healthy fetal heart rates, while 23(21%) were nonreactive. Reactive NST cases showed better neonatal outcomes, including higher Apgar scores, lower rates of NICU admissions, and higher survival rates compared to nonreactive cases. Nonreactive NSTs were associated with increased risks of meconium-stained liquor, oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and fetal distress.Conclusion: NST serves as an important indicator for identifying high-risk pregnancies and guiding clinical decisions. In resource-limited settings, nonreactive NSTs can aid in monitoring and referral decisions. Overall, NST is essential for assessing fetal well-being and can help reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Background: Nearly 75% of all solid cancer patients have to undergo radiation therapy as a part of their treatment of these patients, 95% of patients encounter the problem of radiation dermatitis either during, or after the completion of radiation treatment. Often, this is also associated with patient reported symptoms such as pain at local site and tightness of the skin. There are no topical or oral agents that has shown promise in prevention of radiation dermatitis. Our primary objective of this study was to look into the safety and efficacy of topical green tea extract for prevention of radiation dermatitis. Secondary objective was to validate the curative properties of green tea extract gel. Material and Methods: Topical green tea extract gel was prepared at a concentration of 0.75 mmol/L. 30 consecutive patients treated for solid carcinomas for various subsite were asked to apply the gel on the skin at the site of radiotherapy and at a control site fairly away from site of radiation, thrice daily; at least 2 hours before radiotherapy, 2 hours after radiotherapy and before going to bed in night. Application of green tea extract gel was started from day 1 of radiotherapy treatment and was continued till 2 weeks after the end of radiotherapy treatment. Skin toxicity parameters includes RTOG/EORTC grade of dermatitis; pain at the site of radiation; and tightness at the site of radiation. These were recorded at the end of radiotherapy treatment as well as at the end of 2 weeks after completion of radiotherapy treatment. Results:43 patients were treated in the radiotherapy department from June 2021 to Dec 2021 for various subsites. Of these, initial consecutive 30 patients were taken for the study. This cohort included 11 head and neck cancer patients, 12 breast cancer patients and 7 cervix cancer patients.None of these patients developed cutaneous reaction at the control site, implying the inertness of the green tea extract gel. 29 patients developed any grade of radiation dermatitis at the end of radiotherapy treatment. 1 patient did not developing any dermatitis at the end of radiotherapy treatment (p<0.89). With continuation of green tea extract application, 9 patients fully recovered from dermatitis at the end of 2 weeks post completion of radiotherapy treatment (p<0.001). 17 patients reported nopain at local site at the end of radiotherapy treatment (p<0.03); 15 patients were prevented from tightness at the end of radiotherapy treatment (p<0.05); which were statistically significant. Conclusion:The green tea extract gel shows an excellent safety profile, with none of the patients in our study cohort developing an adverse skin reaction. Topical administration of green tea extract gel, seems to be feasible for treating acute radiation dermatitis. This also seems feasible to both reduce the incidence and treat the new onset pain and tightness of the skin at the radiation site associated with or without acute radiation dermatitis at the site of radiotherapy treatment.

THORACIC TRAUMA Causes Devastating Potential in Almost 140000 Patient Every year But Upto 75% of these Trauma can be Treated with Immediate Intervention Like Thoracostomy Tube or Chest Tube and Volume Resuscitation. Following Blunt & Penetrating Trauma. Although Standardized protocol for Chest Tube Management for Trauma Patient Significantly Reduces Complications Chest Tube Management of blunt or penetrating Trauma A Patient with a Memothorax or Pneumothorax Resulted in Fewer Hospital Problems . Efforts to reduce complications for Trauma Patients Must Continue.

Liver lesions represent a broad spectrum of pathological entities ranging from benign tumors, such as hemangiomas, to malignant ones like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Accurate differentiation between benign and malignant liver lesions is essential for appropriate clinical management. This study aims to compare the diagnostic efficacy of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in distinguishing benign from malignant liver lesions. Conducted over a two-year period at ShriVasantraoNaik Government Medical College Yavatmal, the study involved 50 patients who underwent both CT and MRI, with histopathological confirmation serving as the gold standard. MRI demonstrated higher sensitivity (90%), specificity (85%), and overall accuracy (88%) compared to CT, which exhibited a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 75%, and accuracy of 78%. MRI's superior soft-tissue contrast and advanced imaging sequences contributed to better lesion characterization, while CT remained valuable for initial detection and emergencies. The findings suggest that MRI is the preferred modality for differentiating liver lesions, particularly when the precise diagnosis is critical for treatment planning.

Pediatric pneumonia remains a significant health concern, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates in children, especially those under five years of age. This study aims to evaluate and compare the diagnostic precision of digital radiography (Xray) and ultrasound in diagnosing pediatric pneumonia among children aged 0-12 years at ShriVasantraoNaik Government Medical College, Yavatmal, from January 2022 to June 2024. A prospective observational study included 50 pediatric patients clinically suspected of pneumonia. Both diagnostic modalities were performed, and their sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Ultrasound exhibited higher sensitivity (90%) and specificity (95%) compared to digital radiography, which had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 90%. The results underscore ultrasound's advantage due to its radiation-free nature, making it particularly suitable for the pediatric population. Strong interobserver agreement was noted for both modalities. The findings indicate that a combination of clinical evaluation and appropriate imaging can enhance the management and timely diagnosis of pneumonia in children.

Introduction: Oral malodor is the term commonly used to refer to any unpleasant smell in exhaled air, regardless of whether the source of the odor is oral or nonoral. The issue of oral malodor is a significant worry for many individuals as it can have negative impacts on both personal and professional aspects of life. Objectives: To assess the Self-perceived Oral Malodor in Smokers of Mehsana District, Gujarat. Methodology: A Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 264 study participants with more than 18 years of age. A structured self-administered, close ended Thirteen questionnaire was prepared and was given to participants who are the smokers. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software version 20.0.Level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Result: The prevalence of oral malodor was 35.2%. Smoking habit seen higher among male study participants compared to female study participants among them younger generation have a higher smoking habit. The utilization of mouth freshener was found to be significantly higher among male participants in the study, in comparison to their female participants (p ≤ 0.05). Majority female study participants noticed that bad breath interfered with their social life or work place. Conclusion: It was concluded that study participants demonstrated inadequate oral health awareness and practices, highlighting the need for improvement. Preventing self-perceived halitosis can be achieved through raising awareness, a more economical option compared to costly dental treatments.

Background: Probiotics are defined as “those supplements of food which contain microbial flora that has the capacity to effect human health in a beneficial way.” The most commonly used bacterial strains for probiotic preparations belong to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Aim: Present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of using probiotics for health among dental and medical undergraduate students of Private University, Mehsana, Gujarat.Material and Methods: Cross sectional study conducted among 2nd year dental and medical student of sankalchand Patel University to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of probiotic to overcome various oral health problems by filling a structured selfadministered, close-ended questionnaire including 15 questions. Informed consent will be taken from students before conducting the study. Result: 42.2% of respondents were men and 57.8% of respondents were women among the 230 undergraduate medical and dental students. According to the study, 55.2% of respondents correctly identified the response that live microorganisms are an element of probiotics, and 83.0% of participants are aware of the term probiotics. 38.3% of the participants reported never used probiotics as a medicinal supplement. 87.8% of participants said that it contributes to better dental health. Conclusions: Undergraduate medical and dental students in the current study majority of them knew that probiotics improve immunity and how well food is absorbed by the body. Still, they don't offer the additional health advantages of probiotics. There was also a bit less understanding and clarification around the phrase "prebiotic."

Aims and objective: To compare central corneal thickness and axial length in emmetropes, myopes and hypermetropes. Methods and Material: A cross sectional study was carried out in patients presenting to ophthalmology OPD for routine eye checkup at new Civil Hospital, Surat. Result and Conclusion: The study showed no statistically significant difference between CCT in myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes. Changes in axial length were significant in myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes. There was no statistically significant difference between central corneal thickness in myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and evaluate the associated maternal and neonatal outcomes in a tertiary care hospital setting.Methods: This observational study included 180 pregnant women, of which 29 (16.1%) were diagnosed with GDM based on the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed.Results: The prevalence of GDM in the study population was 16.1%. Risk factors significantly associated with GDM included increasing age (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20, p=0.04), family history of diabetes (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.03-5.00, p=0.04), higher BMI (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02- 1.23, p=0.02), and previous history of GDM (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.01-10.73, p=0.049). Women with GDM had higher rates of cesarean delivery (51.7% vs. 33.8%), preeclampsia (17.2% vs. 7.3%), preterm delivery (20.7% vs. 11.9%), and neonatal hypoglycemia (17.2% vs. 6.0%, p=0.04) compared to those without GDM.Conclusion: The prevalence of GDM in this study was 16.1%, and several risk factors were identified. Women with GDM had higher rates of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, highlighting the importance of early screening and management of GDM.

Background: Traumatic knee injuries are common and can lead to significant morbidity if not accurately diagnosed and managed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has emerged as a valuable tool for evaluating internal derangements of the knee joint and in the study of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tears. This study aims to evaluate the role MRI and assess its diagnostic accuracy in evaluation of ACL and PCL tears. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 patients with traumatic knee injuries. MRI was performed and the imaging patterns, nature, and mechanism of injuries were analysed. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI in evaluating the ACL and PCL injuries was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Results: The mean age of the patients was 32.8 ± 10.6 years, with a male predominance (73.3%). ACL complete tear (26.7%, p = 0.02) and lateral meniscal tear (33.3%, p = 0.005) were the most common injuries. Joint effusion (63.3%, p < 0.001), bone contusions (36.7%, p = 0.02), and ancillary findings (56.7%, p < 0.001) were frequently observed. MRI demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity ranging from 80.0% to 100%, specificity from 95.0% to 96.3%, PPV from 75.0% to 91.7%, and NPV from 95.5% to 100%. Conclusion: MRI is a highly accurate imaging modality for evaluating ACL and PCL tears of the knee joint. The high prevalence of ligament injuries, along with associated findings, underscores the importance of MRI in the diagnosis and grading of these injuries. Accurate diagnosis using MRI can guide appropriate management and improve patient outcomes.

Background:Core needle biopsy is a gold standard for the diagnosis of breast lumps. Sometimes it is difficult for patients to afford its cost, especially in low- resource settings. Tissue processing is also not available at all hospitals and with all pathologists.We try to find out the concordance of MMSI (Modified Masood Scoring) in FNAC with histology and its utility in making better diagnoses thereby we can use it as a diagnostic procedure for malignant lesions in a low resource setting.Method: All patients with clinically palpable breast lumps referred to the Pathology department for fine - needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were included. The patient was thoroughly informed and after taking consent, FNAC was done from 3 sites. These specimens’ lesions are also evaluated by applying Modified Masood’s Scoring Index (MMSI) and to access its usefulness in breast cytology also correlate with Histopathology.Results: The 89.52% and 98.15% of histological findings were correlated with MMSI category II and MMSI categories IV respectively. On applying the chi-square test, it is found to be highly significantly associated(p<0.001). Conclusion: MMSI gives a good prediction of the identification of breast lesions so one can plan effective management planning in low resource settings when the availability and affordability of core needle biopsy facility are not available.

Caeserean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) is the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy with incidence of 1 in 2000 pregnancies. It requires high degree of suspicion and if not diagnosed and managed early, can result in maternal morbidity and mortality. Due to rise in rate of caesarean sections worldwide, therehas resulted anincrease in rate of caesarean scar ectopic pregnancies. Widespread availability of ultrasound services has helped in early diagnosis and timely management. Here we present 10 cases of Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancies that we have managed over period of 5 years (2018- 2023) in our tertiary care hospital. All cases were diagnosed by either transvaginal scan or transabdominal scan done at our hospital or done outside and then referred to us for management. There are different management options for caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy ranging from conservative to surgical treatment. Medical therapy is by using Inj Methotrexate 1mg /kg body weight intramuscular. Surgical treatment includes ultrasound guided suction evacuation, laparotomy, or laparoscopic excision of scar ectopic. Since the entity is rare, presentations vary, there is no fixed protocol of management of this condition. Patient may be benefited by surgery or sometimes medical management or there may be a combination of medical and surgical management. Traditionally laparotomy was done for removal of scar ectopic, however with advent of good ultrasound machines, wecould manage most cases using ultrasound guided suction evacuation alone. Very few cases required medical management and laparotomyhad to be done in two cases.

Introduction: There is a significant increase in the incidence of superficial dermatophytosis in India for last 5-6 years. Dermatophytosis poses a significant public health concern. According to Emmons Morphological criteria, dermatophytes are classified into three anamorphic genera (based on conidial morphology). Trichophyton (mainly infect skin, hair and nails) Microsporum (infect skin and hair not the nails) & Epidermophyton (infect skin as well as nails but not the hair). As a result of the variety of species and their habitat association, dermatophytes have long been classified as anthropophilic, zoophilic and geophilic, species that exclusively affect human are known as Anthropohilic while those inhabiting domestic and wild animals as well as birds are called zoophilic and third group isolated from the soil is known as geophilic. Zoophilic species tend to produce highly inflammatory reaction and anthropophilic species produce mild but chronic lesions. These include Tinea pedis (foot) or athlete’s foot and Tinea barbae or barbers itch (bearded area of the face and neck). The disease caused by non Dermatophytic fungi infecting skin are called as dermatomycoses, where hair and nail are known as piedra and onychomycoses respectively. An example of a very common dermatophyte infection is the athlete’s foot also called as Tinea Pedis. Another common dermatophyte infection affecting the groin area is jock itch, also known as tinea cruris. In these infections itching is severe and disabling lesions on the genitals and other area because social embarrassment and impair quality of life also. The epidemiology of dermatophytes varies among countries and even within different regions in the country. Surveillance studies are required to understand the changing clinicoepidemiology and prevalence of culprit agent for the effective treatment. Aims: This present study was conducted to identify the clinical profile and species of dermatophytic infection at our tertiary care centre IIMSR Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India. Study design: The present study was a hospital based observative prospective study. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 29.0.1.1. Chi square test and appropriate tests of significance were applied. Method: It was a hospital based observational study of 156 clinically diagnosed case of dermatophytosis during five months duration. Sociodemographic details, clinical history and detailed examination were conducted from all patients. Skin scrapings were sent to microbiology department of our hospital for direct microscopy and culture. Results: Among 156 patients enrolled males were commonly affected than females, male to female ratio was 2.6:1. Incidence was maximum in rural area 56% as compared to urban. Multiple site infection (35.9%) was found to be commonest clinical type followed by Tinea cruris (16.67%). Trichophyton tonsuran was the commonest isolate obtained (35.2%) followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (22%). The outdoor activities, such as farming, labour work and poor personal hygiene in rural area were identified as risk factor for infection. Conclusion: The present study has provided recent data on etiological agent of dermatophytosis and risk factor in tertiary care ORGINAL ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Rajeev Agarwal et al., Speciation and Clinical Classification of Dermatophytosis in Tertiary Care Hospital. Int. J Med. Pharm. Res., 5(5): 169‐173, 2024 170 Centre.Microscopy with and without culture is an important diagnostic tool in dermatophytosis. It is important to develop measurement for disease prevention and control along with effective therapy.

The present article describe the effect of a Astocalm plus tablet having anxiolytic effect proved by Monoamine Oxidase inhibition (MAO), Selective Serotonin Re-absorption Inhibition (SSRI), hippocampal region activation, neurite formation, GABAergic activity. The clinical validation has further proved the effect of the formulation in modifying salivary cortisol and salivary amylase in human volunteers during morning and noon hours. The herbs used in the formulation are extremely safe for oral usage. The details of the study findings and statistical significance established by U test and Sign test are presented in the article.

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and incision & curettage in the treatment of chalazion. Patients and methods: A comparative and randomized study performed on patients with chalazion .Depending on the size of chalazion, patients were distributed in two groups, patient with small sized chalazion (1-4mm) and medium sized chalazion (5-7mm), and based on treatment modality these groups were further subdivided into two groups of 30 patients each with one receiving injection triamcinolone acetonide and other undergoing incision and curettage.Results: 96.70% of patients in Triamcinolone acetonide and Incision and curettage who had size of lesion between 2-4 mm showed complete resolution. This association was not significant. 73.30% of the patients who had size of lesion 5-7 and were given Triamcinolone acetonide showed complete resolution as compared to 93.30% of the patients who underwent Incision and curettage. This association was statistically significant (p=0.038). Conclusion: Triamcinolone acetonide injection proves effective in treating chalazion. This simple and cost-effective procedure can be viewed as an alternative primary treatment option. This method of Triamcinolone acetonide injection, offers a strategy with minimal discomfort and recovery time, hence making the patient more compliant.

Purpose: To evaluate keratometry readings and corneal astigmatic changes following pterygium excision with conjunctivalautograft transplantation.Patients and methods: An observational study performed on 107 patients withprimary pterygium attending at the department of ophthalmology; Rohilkhand medical college & Hospital Bareilly fulfilling the inclusion criteria.Results: It was observed in our study that Power of astigmatism(D) preoperatively was 3.12±1.97 D while postoperatively it was 1.70±1.27 and at first follow up it was 1.43±1.09. On comparing the three values we observed that the pre operative values were significantly more than postoperative and first follow up readings and also the postoperative values were significantly more than the first follow up and average keratometry values preoperatively was 45.51±2.10 while after removal it was 44.99±1.99 and at first follow up it was 44.25±2.22. on comparing the three values we observed that the pre operative values were significantly more than postoperative and first follow up readings and also the postoperative values were significantly more than the first follow up. Conclusion: The present study verifies that there is reduction in astigmatism after successful removal of pterygium and also improved the VA either by decrease in astigmatism or by removal of the pterygium from the pupillary axis.

There are innumerable variety of maxillofacial pathological diseases. In that some of them classically show the involvement of neck along with maxillo-mandibular region. Such disease entities need a special considerations since they may show impact on vital structures in the neck such as trachea, thyroid gland, great vessels, cranial nerves, cervical spine or vice-versa. In such conditions the oral and maxillofacial surgeon must be aware of the way of approaching the proper diagnosis in order to render better treatment along with multidisciplinary approach. This approach is needed in terms of not only diagnosis, but also in securing general anesthesia and performing surgical procedures, in which the neck plays a very crucial part. If any neck pathology is present along with maxillofacial region, it must be differentiated and appreciated thoroughly whether it is a combined or a separate entity of disease. Such approach broadens the treatment horizon for better treatment outcomes. A series of 10 such cases are presented within our clinical experience.

Healthcare professionals generally view AI as a valuable tool that can enhance efficiency, improve diagnostics, and personalize patient care. Many see AI as a complement to human expertise for analyze large datasets, identify patterns, and support clinical decision-making helping in medical imaging and diagnostics, medical research and drug discovery and other administrative applications. However, there are concerns about the ethical implications, data privacy, and the potential for AI to replace human jobs. In the present survey conducted in 100 health care professionals it was observed that 52% of HCPs are skeptical towards possibility of AI replacing physicians, 93% believe that CDSS tool will improve in clinical decision making, 62% expressed confidence in AI’s capability in preventive health care,

Background: Platelet dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. This study investigated the potential of platelet indices as predictive markers for complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In this prospective observational study, 95 T2DM patients were followed for one year. Platelet indices, including Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), and Plateletcrit (PCT), were measured at baseline and every three months. The development of microvascular and macrovascular complications was monitored. Results: Significant increases in all platelet indices were observed over the study period (p < 0.05). MPV showed the strongest correlation with HbA1c (r = 0.42, p < 0.01). ROC curve analysis revealed that MPV had the highest predictive value for both microvascular (AUC 0.76, p < 0.001) and macrovascular complications (AUC 0.79, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, MPV was an independent predictor of microvascular (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.35-2.45, p < 0.01) and macrovascular complications (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.56-2.91, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Platelet indices, particularly MPV, show promise as predictive markers for complications in T2DM, with a slightly stronger association with macrovascular complications. These findings suggest that platelet indices could potentially enhance risk stratification in diabetic patients

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has largely replaced open cholecystectomy (OC) as the standard surgical treatment for symptomatic gallstone disease. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the differences in postoperative complications and recovery outcomes between these two approaches. Objective: To compare the postoperative complications and recovery outcomes between LC and OC in patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. Methods: This prospective, randomized study included 120 patients with symptomatic gallstone disease who were allocated to either the LC (n=60) or OC (n=60) group. Intraoperative outcomes, postoperative complications, pain scores, recovery measures, and quality of life scores (SF-36) were assessed. Results: LC was associated with significantly shorter operative time (62.5 ± 15.6 min vs. 78.3 ± 18.2 min, p<0.001), lower blood loss (20 mL vs. 40 mL, p<0.001), and a lower incidence of wound infection (3.3% vs. 13.3%, p=0.048) compared to OC. Patients in the LC group had significantly lower postoperative pain scores (p<0.001), shorter hospital stay (median: 2 days vs. 4 days, p<0.001), and earlier return to normal activities (median: 10 days vs. 18 days, p<0.001). Quality of life scores were significantly higher in the LC group at 1 and 3 months (p<0.05). The surgical approach was a significant predictor of postoperative complications (OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.02- 9.58, p=0.047) and prolonged hospital stay (OR: 5.04, 95% CI: 1.96-12.95, p=0.001), favoring LC over OC. Conclusion: LC is associated with better intraoperative outcomes, fewer postoperative complications, faster recovery, and improved quality of life compared to OC in patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. These findings support the current recommendations favoring LC as the gold standard for the surgical management of gallstone disease

Grave’s disease is an autoimmune condition leading to hyperthyroidism which typically presents with a combination of hyperthyroid features. It can lead to a number of haematological alterations and pancytopenia is one such rare complication. The initial management of Grave’s primarily resolves around usage of antithyroid drugs like carbimazole. But a common adverse effects of these drugs is marrow suppression. Here we describe a case of Grave’s disease who presented with respiratory tract infection and had worsening pancytopenia. Extensive workup failed to identify any explanation for the pancytopenia other than the thyrotoxic state itself. She could not be initiated on antithyroid medications initially and was kept on beta blockers and steroids. GM-CSF analogues like filgastrim and romiplostim were used to bridge the phase of worsening pancytopenia. After resolution of infection and borderline increase in blood counts post therapy with GM-CSF analogues she was started on carbimazole with subsequent radioiodine ablation. Her pancytopenia improved drastically after achievement of euthyroid status. In this case report we highlight the management challenge posed by worsening pancytopenia in a thyrotoxic patient in the clinical backdrop of infection and some therapies which can be used to bridge over this difficult situation

Objectives: This study aimed to assess serum total calcium and calcium/phosphorus ratio in patients with primary hypertension and correlate these parameters with blood pressure. Methods: This prospective comparative study included 50 newly diagnosed primary hypertension patients and 50 age- and sex-matched normotensive controls. Serum calcium was measured using arsenazo III reagent and serum phosphorus using ammonium molybdate reagent. Additional investigations included CBC, RFT, LFT and abdominal ultrasound. Results: The mean age was 44.06±11.74 years and 54% were males. Mean serum calcium (8.7±0.5 vs 9.1±0.6 mg/dL) and phosphorus (2.9±0.7 vs 3.5±0.4 mg/dL) were significantly lower, while calcium-phosphorus ratio was significantly higher (3.20±0.73 vs 2.63±0.30) in cases vs controls (p<0.05). Serum calcium negatively correlated (r=-0.391) and calcium-phosphorus ratio positively correlated (r=0.530) with blood pressure (p<0.05). Conclusion: Serum calcium and calcium-phosphorus ratio show significant alterations in primary hypertension, correlating with blood pressure severity. Monitoring and managing these parameters may be considered in hypertension management.

Background: Neonatal intestinal obstruction is a common surgical emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate intervention are essential to improve survival outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the clinicodemographic profile and outcomes of neonatal intestinal obstruction in a tertiary care setting. Methods: This prospective study included 32 neonates who presented with symptoms of intestinal obstruction and underwent surgical intervention from January 2019 to September 2023. Data on clinical presentation, surgical treatment, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results: Of the 32 neonates, 20 (62.5%) were male, and 12 (37.5%) were female. The most common cause of intestinal obstruction was intestinal atresia (10 cases, 31.25%), followed by malrotation (7 cases, 21.8%). The most frequent symptoms were vomiting (seen in 17 cases, 53.1%), failure to pass stool (14 cases, 43.75%), and abdominal distension (10 cases, 31.25%). A total of 25 neonates (78.13%) were successfully discharged, while the mortality rate was 21.87% (7 cases). Conclusion: Intestinal atresia is the leading cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction in this study. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management can significantly improve outcomes

The obligatory fasting of Ramadan is not only an Islamic ritual to enhance the Godconsciousness (called Taqwa), it may also lead to improvement of health status of fasting person(s). In other words, it is a complete overhauling instrument of Muslims soul/body in terms of faith and health. This can be termed as “Islamic fasting: a combination of spiritual elevation and prevention of diseases”. During fasting Muslims try to maintain integrity of the human body both physically and spiritually. It not only keeps us healthy physically/spiritually but also makes us healthy in social obligations. Furthermore, with full devotion it brings long-lasting changes in the individual’s life and relate to the level of righteousness and strength of character to resist desires. In health fasting plays an important role, for example the improvement of hyperlipidemia, obesity (fat loss), diabetes, cognition, cell functions, immunological factors, inflammation, stress and lifespan etc. This article is an effort to review and discuss research carried out on the listed conditions during the holy month of Ramadan on various aspects of human health.

Echinococcosis is a rare infectious disease of human being that occurs by the larval stages of taeniidcestodes of the genus Echinococcus. Cystic Echinococcosis may often be diagnosed accidentally because the individual may remain asymptomatic for a long time due to the silent nature of the pathogen. Human are the accidental host and usually affected by handling an infected dog. The liver is the most frequently involved organ (65%) followed by lungs (25%). Characteristically the cysts are seen as solitary or multiple circumscribed or Oval masses on imaging. Sometimes symptoms of hydatid diseases like chest pain, breathlessness, expectoration, fever and hemoptysis can result from the release of antigenic material and secondary immunological reactions that develop from cyst rupture [1]. We report a case of incidental finding of Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst presenting as Neck of Femur fracture. A middle aged female with chief complaints of pain in the hip joint & unable to walk for 2 months was found to have decreased breath sound in left infraclavicular& mammary area. Chest x-ray showed well-defined homogenous opacity in left middle zone & some part of upper zone. The CECT thorax showed a large well defined cystic lesion with regular margin & parenchymal consolidation around the cystic lesion with mild pleural effusion. The liver parenchyma was normal. The patient was having leucocytosis with neutrophilia

Introduction: A cover slip, also known as cover glass, is a small, thin sheet of glass that is placed over the specimen in a microscope. This is known as mounting. Mounting is the final step in histological preparation of a slide [1]. A tissue specimen must be mounted in order to improve imaging quality during microscopy and to preserve the specimen during storage [2]. The current trend is turning organic, so we tried to discover a natural Dibutyl phthalate xylene (DPX) substitute [3]. DPX is thought to be perfect, yet it has a few disadvantages [4]. The study's objective was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of DPX as a mounting medium with sandalwood, clove, and cedarwood oils.Aim: Compare and evaluate efficacy of natural alternatives with dpx as mounting media.Materials and Procedure: From the archives, four paraffin-embedded blocks with a verified histological diagnosis were removed. From each block, three slices were removed and conventional H&E staining techniques were applied. For every group, three H&E-stained sections and three ground sections were collected. Subsequently, they underwent four distinct mounting media mounts and several parameter analyses [3].Result: The results were tabulated. The MannWhitney U test was employed to compare findings. Sandalwood oil demonstrated comparable cellular architecture to D.P.X and other oils, with statistically significant findings for various mounting mediums.Conclusion:Because of their distinct properties, sandalwood oil functioned similarly as mounting media to D.P.X. They all have a high refractive index; thus, with few modifications, they can be used a better natural alternative for mounting.

Juxta articular angular deformities are commonly seen both in young as well as adults. They are seen to be having high prevalence especially in children. In vast majority these are physiological and resolve on their own. Asymmetric growth disturbances are commonly caused by rickets, infections, trauma, arthritis of knee. Treatment options vary from epiphysiodesis if physis is not fused to osteotomies vis a vis open as well as close wedge osteotomies. Both having their respective advantages as well as disadvantages. We evaluated the corrections achieved by combining open wedge osteotomies with allograft and the subsequent maintenance of the corrections. Implications of osteointegration and incorporation of graft, infection rate and related complications was documented in a series of 20 cases and followed for a period of 6 months asymmetric growth disturbances and it was found that desired corrections with osteointegration achieved in all patients.

Introduction: The world faced deadly Covid-19 virus which was declared as Pandemic by WHO in March 2020. Covid-19 is known to be associated with immune dysregulation, which is further worsened by comorbidities & by widespread use of immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics.In our study, we studied the morphological spectrum of mucormycosis in Covid-19 patients and the causal relationship of mucormycosis with various clinicopathological factors. Material and Methods: An observational study conducted at tertiary care center from January 2021 to July 2021, 156 patients with histologically proven cases of mucormycosis were included in this study and concurrent or prior history of Covid-19 then obtained along with treatment given. Special stains were performed wherever necessary. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS statistics version 20. Results: Out of 156 cases 73% (n=114) were male and 26% (n=42) were female. Most of the patients were in the age group of 51-60 years. Out of 156 cases, 68% (n=106) were diabetic, 20.5% (n=32) had hypertension, 9% (n=14) had diabetes with hypertension and 11.5% (n=18) had no comorbidity. Steroid therapy was received by 64.1% (n=100) patients, of which 52% (n=81) were on oral steroids, 12.2% (n=19) were on iv steroids, 14.8% (n=23) were not on steroid therapy and conclusive history about steroid intake was not available in 21.1% (n=33). Other important findings in our study include, history of receiving O2 therapy was given by 62.1% (n=97) patients, lymphopenia was found in 48% (n=75) patients. Statistically significant association of mucormycosis was found with diabetes mellitus and steroid use. Morphologically, 92.9% (n=145) cases showed mucormycosis alone and 7% (n=11) cases had additional infection by aspergillus. Rare morphological features like conidial heads, bony invasion, perineural invasion and granuloma formation were also seen.Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of secondary fungal infections is essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality in patients with underlying comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. Role of special stains is vital in highlighting the fungal hyphae with atypical morphology and in tiny necrotic biopsies.

Background: Cervical cancer is a significant global health concern, and medical students, as future healthcare providers, play a crucial role in its prevention and control. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students towards cervical cancer screening and vaccination.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 475 medical students at The Oxford Medical College Hospital and Research from June to August 2023. A validated questionnaire was used to assess the participants' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding cervical cancer screening and vaccination. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for data analysis. Results: The majority of the participants (91.80%) had heard of cervical cancer, and 74.30% correctly identified viruses as the causative agent. However, only 65.90% recognized all the symptoms, and 73.30% identified all the risk factors. The attitude towards cervical cancer prevention was positive, with strong agreement on the importance of early detection (69.90%), vaccination (35.20%), and screening (51.60%). However, the practice of screening (3.40%) and vaccination (8.40%) was low among the participants and their family members or friends. Conclusion: While the overall knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer prevention were good, there were gaps in understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and preventive measures. The low uptake of screening and vaccination highlights the need for comprehensive education and training programs to promote personal health practices among medical students. Incorporating cervical cancer education into the medical curriculum and encouraging participation in screening and vaccination programs can contribute to the reduction of the global burden of cervical cancer

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a life-threatening condition resulting from reduced blood flow to the myocardium, which can lead to ischemia and infarction. Biomarkers such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin I (Trop I) play key roles in the diagnosis and prognosis of ACS. Investigating the correlation between these biomarkers and clinical outcomes may enhance risk stratification. Objectives: To determine the correlation between BNP and troponin I levels in ACS patients and assess their relationship with clinical outcomes such as left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, arrhythmias, and mortality. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 75 patients diagnosed with ACS at a tertiary care hospital. BNP and troponin I levels were measured on days 1 and 3 of hospitalization, and clinical outcomes were documented during the hospital stay and after 1 month. The main outcomes included reinfarction, cardiogenic shock, ventricular arrhythmias, and mortality. Results: Of the 75 patients, 58.67% were male, with a mean age of 59.25 years (±11.15). Major risk factors were hypertension (54.67%), diabetes mellitus (49.33%), and dyslipidemia (13.33%). Patients with BNP levels >600 pg/mL had a significantly higher incidence of complications (90.9%) compared to those with lower BNP levels. Similarly, 91.66% of patients with troponin I >20000 ng/L developed complications such as LV dysfunction and arrhythmias. Conclusion: Elevated BNP and troponin I levels are significantly correlated with adverse clinical outcomes in ACS patients. BNP and troponin I can serve as valuable prognostic markers for identifying high-risk patients

Esophago-pleural fistula is a rare condition with high morbidity and mortality with non- specific signs and symptoms. Main causes arepost -surgical, endoscopic procedures, secondary to tumors, from chemical injury (ingestion of corrosive substance), due to esophageal TB or spontaneous(rare). Here, we report a patient first presenting as right hydropneumothorax who was diagnosed to have esophago-pleural fistula on further investigation. Patient was planned for surgical repair but died before it since the patient developedsepsisdue to delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Breast cancer remains a significant public health concern, and the early detection of the disease is crucial for improving patient outcomes. This prospective, comparative study aimed to meticulously evaluate and compare the accuracy of mammography and ultrasound in detecting breast cancer, focusing on their sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV).Methods: A total of 250 women aged 40 to 75 years, presenting for routine screening or with symptomatic breast complaints, were included in the study. Participants underwent digital mammography and high-resolution ultrasound examinations, with the findings classified according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Biopsy-confirmed results served as the reference standard.Results: Of the 250 participants, 36 (14.4%) were found to have biopsyconfirmed breast cancer. Ultrasound demonstrated a higher sensitivity of 94.4% (95% CI: 80.8%-99.3%) compared to mammography at 83.3% (95% CI: 67.2%-93.6%), with a statistically significant difference in detection rates (p = 0.031). The combined use of both modalities achieved the highest sensitivity of 97.2% (95% CI: 85.5%-99.9%). The specificity was 89.4% for mammography and 87.0% for ultrasound, with a modest decrease to 86.4% for the combined approach. The PPV ranged from 57.4% to 60.0%, while the NPV was exceptionally high, reaching 99.5% for the combined modalities.Conclusion: Ultrasound demonstrated superior sensitivity compared to mammography in detecting breast cancer, particularly in women with dense breasts. The combined use of both modalities resulted in the highest sensitivity, suggesting that a multimodal approach may be the most effective strategy for comprehensive breast cancer screening and diagnosis.

This study investigates the microbial ecology of an Anaerobic Gas-Lift Reactor (AGR) to enhance biogas (methane) production from organic waste streams. Methods: Samples of vegetable waste, seed inoculum and food waste were collected from various locations in Hyderabad. Microbial isolation, characterization, and enzyme screening were conducted to identify key microbial species and their enzymatic capabilities. Growth dynamics under varying temperature and pH conditions were analyzed, and a microbial consortium was tested in a lab-scale biogas production system. Results: A diverse microbial community was identified, with extracellular enzyme screening revealing species with multifunctional enzymatic potential. Temperature and pH significantly influenced microbial growth and biogas production efficiency. Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into optimizing microbial consortia for enhanced methane production, highlighting the critical roles of temperature and pH in regulating microbial activity. These findings contribute to developing efficient AGR systems for sustainable biogas generation from organic waste.

Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rapid and accurate prognostic assessment can significantly influence management and outcomes. Serum albumin and calcium are accessible biomarkers that could provide prognostic information on stroke severity and recovery.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 120 patients admitted with AIS at the Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences. Serum levels of albumin and calcium were measured upon admission and correlated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and Barthel Index for assessing neurological severity and functional outcomes.Results: Lower serum levels of albumin and calcium were significantly associated with higher NIHSS scores at admission (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Patients with severe strokes had mean albumin levels of 3.2 g/dL and mean calcium levels of 7.3 mg/dL. Moreover, recovery, as indicated by improvements in NIHSS scores, showed a significant positive correlation with higher levels of albumin (correlation coefficient = 0.62, p < 0.001) and calcium (correlation coefficient = 0.59, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Serum albumin and calcium levels are significant prognostic biomarkers in AIS, correlating with the severity of stroke and recovery outcomes. Their routine assessment can aid in early prognosis and potentially guide therapeutic decisions, particularly in resource-constrained environments.

Background: Acute appendicitis is a common surgical combination, and accurate imaging is decisive for diagnosis. This read compares the characteristic truth of ultrasound (US) and calculated imaging (CT) imagery in inch-big patients presenting with symptoms indicative of keen appendicitis.Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 100 adult patients (50 males and 50 females) with a mean age of 35 years (range: 18-60 years). Apiece diligent underwent both ultrasound (US) and cat imagery. The diagnostic Precision sensitivity specificity positive foretelling value (PPV) and negative foretelling value (NPV) of both imaging modalities were calculated and compared.Results: Ultrasound: Sensitivity: 75%, Specificity: 85%, PPV: 81%, NPV: 80%, Accuracy: 79%. CT: Sensitivity: 94%, Specificity: 90%, PPV: 92%, NPV: 93%, Accuracy: 92%. CT imaging demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (p0.05). Conclusion: CT is more accurate and sensitive for diagnosing acute appendicitis in adults, making it the preferred modality in equivocal cases.

Background: Early detection of brain tumors is fundamental to improve treatment outcomes and patient survival. Although computed tomography is commonly used because it is accessible, magnetic resonance imaging has become more popular because of its higher image resolution. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting brain tumors. Methods: The study included 120 participants between the ages of 20 to 75 (mean age: 48), each of whom had a computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scan for suspected brain tumors. Diagnostic measures such as true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), false positives (FP) and false negatives (FN) were calculated. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy for each model. Results: CT scans identified 45 TP, 60 TN, 10 FP, and 5 FN cases. The sensitivity of CT scans was 90.0%, specificity was 85.7%, PPV was 81.8%, NPV was 92.3%, and accuracy was 87.5%. MRI identified 48 TP, 65 TN, 6 FP, and 1 FN case. The sensitivity of MRI was 98.0%, specificity was 91.5%, PPV was 88.9%, NPV was 98.5%, and accuracy was 93.8%. MRI demonstrated higher sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy compared to CT scans.Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging is superior to computed tomography in detecting brain tumors. It has greater overall sensitivity and accuracy. These findings suggest that MRI should be used to diagnose brain tumors. Especially where high sensitivity is important. However, factors such as cost and accessibility should be considered when choosing between these methods

Background: High-risk pregnancies are associated with an increased incidence of placental abnormalities. Histopathological examination of the placenta provides valuable insights into the underlying pathophysiology of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objectives: To investigate the histopathological changes in the placentas of high-risk pregnancies and to analyze the associations between specific high-risk conditions and histopathological findings. Methods: A total of 100 placentas from high-risk pregnancies were examined in this observational study. The prevalence of histopathological findings and their associations with specific high-risk conditions were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The mean maternal age was 28.7 ± 5.6 years, and the mean gestational age at delivery was 36.8 ± 3.4 weeks. Syncytial knots were the most common histopathological finding (55%), followed by calcification (40%), fibrinoid necrosis (35%), villous hypermaturity (28%), infarction (25%), chorioamnionitis (18%), and villous hypomaturity (12%). Significant associations were observed between gestational diabetes mellitus and syncytial knots (68.2%; p=0.045), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and fibrinoid necrosis (60.0%; p=0.002), IUGR and villous hypomaturity (44.4%; p=0.001), and preterm delivery and chorioamnionitis (40.0%; p=0.028). Conclusion: This study demonstrates significant associations between specific high-risk pregnancy conditions and certain histopathological findings in the placenta. These findings underscore the importance of placental examination in the evaluation of high-risk pregnancies and provide a foundation for future research to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

Background: Liver lesions are often found incidentally, and accurate imaging is decisive for determining their nature and guiding treatment. This read aims to compare the characteristic truths of attractive ringing imagery (MRI) and calculated imaging (CT) in inch-big patients presenting with liver lesions, focusing on differentiating kinds from malevolent lesions.Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 120 adult patients (60 males and 60 females) with a mean age of 45 years (range: 25-75 years). Apiece diligent underwent both magnetic resonance imaging and cat imagery. The diagnostic precision sensitivity specificity positive foretelling value (PPV) and negative foretelling value (NPV) of both imaging modalities were calculated and compared.Results: MRI demonstrated a sensitivity of 92% (95% CI: 84%-97%). specificity of 88% (95% CI: 79%-93%), PPV of 90% (95% CI: 82%-95%), and NPV of 91% (95% CI: 83%-96%). Cat imagery showed amp sensibility of 85% (95% CI: 77%-92%). specificity of 80% (95% CI: 71%-88%), ppv of 86% (95% CI: 78%-92%), and npv of 79% (95% CI: 70%-87%). The overall diagnostic The precision of MRI was 90% compared to CT's 82%. Magnetic resonance imaging is incontestable, and importantly, higher sensibility (p0.05).Conclusion: MRI provides superior diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity for characterizing liver lesions in adults, making it a preferred imaging modality. However, CT remains a valuable tool for initial assessment due to its broader availability and faster imaging time.

Background: Endotracheal intubation during general anesthesia can elicit a significant hemodynamic stress response, which may be detrimental in certain patient populations. This study aimed to compare the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation using the Macintosh and McCoy laryngoscope blades.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 60 patients undergoing general anesthesia were allocated to either the Macintosh (n=30) or McCoy (n=30) group. Hemodynamic parameters, including heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), were recorded at baseline, immediately after intubation, and at 1, 3, and 5 minutes post-intubation. The percentage change from baseline was calculated for each parameter and compared between the two groups.Results: The McCoy blade was associated with significantly lower percentage increases in HR (12.20% vs. 25.00%, p<0.001), SBP (6.78% vs. 15.00%, p=0.002), DBP (6.41% vs. 10.00%, p=0.01), and MAP (6.59% vs. 12.90%, p<0.001) immediately after intubation compared to the Macintosh blade. The hemodynamic parameters remained significantly lower in the McCoy group at 1, 3, and 5 minutes post-intubation (p<0.05 for all comparisons).Conclusions: The McCoy laryngoscope blade attenuates the hemodynamic stress response to endotracheal intubation compared to the Macintosh blade in patients undergoing general anesthesia. These findings support the use of the McCoy blade as a preferred choice for minimizing hemodynamic perturbations during airway management.

Introduction: Blunt splenic trauma is a common clinical scenario, and its management has evolved significantly with the introduction of non-operative management (NOM). This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the parameters that determine the choice of treatment and to compare the outcomes of NOM and surgical management.Materials and Methods:This study included 30 patients with blunt splenic trauma over a one-year period. Patients were divided into non-operative (n=12, 40%) and operative (n=18, 60%) management groups based on their clinical and hemodynamic status. Results: The non-operative management group had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (130 mmHg vs. 96 mmHg, p<0.001), lower heart rate (90 bpm vs. 110 bpm, p=0.002), and higher hemoglobin levels (11 g/dL vs. 9.75 g/dL, p=0.003) compared to the operative group. The non-operative group had a lower median transfusion requirement (0.3 units vs. 3 units, p=0.004) but a longer median hospital stay (15.9 days vs. 9.4 days, p=0.029). The success rate of non-operative management was 83.3% (10 out of 12 patients). Conclusion: Non-operative management is a safe and effective approach in the majority of patients with blunt splenic trauma, provided that the patient is hemodynamically stable. The clinical and hemodynamic parameters at admission are crucial determinants in the selection of the appropriate management approach.

Introduction:This study aims to determine the role of USG and MDCT with pathological correlation in evaluation of focal hepatic lesions in arriving at a specific diagnosis before surgery.Material and Methods:A total number of 30 patients with liver lesions who were referred to Department of Radiodiagnosis, SSIMS & RC, Davanagere.Results:Correlation of ultrasound diagnosis with histopathology.The sensitivity of diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma is 50%, abscess is 85.71 and HCC is 80%. Whereas for FNH, Metastasis and hydatid cyst it was 100%. The specificity for all the focal hepatic lesions mentioned was 100% except for metastasis which was 77.7%.Correlation of CT diagnosis with histopathology: The sensitivity of diagnosing abscess is 71.42%. Whereas for all other FLL it was 100%. The specificity for all the focal hepatic lesions mentioned was 100% except for metastasis which was 94.4%, HCC was 96%.Conclusion: Contrast enhanced computed tomography with ultrasonography and histopathological correlation is a sensitive tool for diagnosing focal hepatic lesions and differentiating between benign and malignant lesions with high accuracy

Introduction: Hypertension is an important cause of cardiovascular diseases with around 80–95% of hypertensive patients diagnosed as having “essential” hypertension. An increase in Intima-media thickness (IMT) has been used as a marker of the early atherosclerotic process.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done at Department of Radiodiagnosis, SSIMS & RC, Davanagere, among 135 hypertensive patients above the age of 50 years, who were divided into two groups based on the grades of hypertension. Both grayscale (IMT and plaque assessment) and doppler (RI) parameters were assessed for bilateral CCA using high-frequency linear probe. All the patients’ blood pressure parameters and Fasting lipid profile parameters were taken. A correlation of the data was performed & results were obtained after statistical analysis.Results: Out of 135 cases with essential hypertension, 79 (58.5%) cases were Stage 1 hypertension [Subgroup I] and 56 (41.5%) cases were Stage 2 hypertension [Subgroup II] with almost equal distribution of both genders in each group.The IntimaMedia Thickness (IMT) were higher in Subgroup II compared to Subgroup I. The Mean values of subgroup I were 0.725±0.017 and 0.731±0.019 respectively and that of subgroup II were 0.741±0.013 on both sides with statistically significant results.The correlation between ultrasound, Doppler, blood pressure and biochemical parameters - Systolic blood pressure showed a positive correlation with both the grayscale parameter or Doppler parameter which was statistically significant.Conclusion: High frequency ultrasound with Color Doppler & biochemical parameters showed a significant correlation in the evaluation of Atherosclerosis involving carotid arteries.

Background: Diabetes mellitus may affect corneal endothelial health, potentially impacting outcomes of cataract surgery.Objective: To compare changes in corneal endothelial cell count and central corneal thickness (CCT) after manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) in patients with and without diabetes.Methods: This prospective study included 50 diabetic and 50 non-diabetic patients undergoing manual SICS. Corneal endothelial cell density and CCT were measured preoperatively and at day 1, week 1, and month 1 postoperatively. Results: At one month post-surgery, diabetic patients showed significantly greater endothelial cell loss (14.6% vs. 10.3%, p=0.003) and CCT increase (2.2% vs. 1.1%, p=0.025) compared to non-diabetic patients. Age (β=-5.2, p=0.004), presence of diabetes (β=-78.3, p=0.002), and HbA1c levels (β=-28.7, p=0.012) were significant predictors of endothelial cell loss. Visual acuity outcomes were similar between groups (0.18 ± 0.12 vs. 0.15 ± 0.10 logMAR, p=0.161), but diabetic patients showed a trend towards more complications. Conclusion: Diabetic patients experience greater corneal endothelial cell loss and increased CCT following manual SICS compared to non-diabetic patients. These findings highlight the need for careful consideration of diabetes in preoperative assessment and postoperative management of cataract surgery patients.

Background: Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a common complication following general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. This study compared the efficacy of 5% EMLA cream and betamethasone gel 0.05% applied on the endotracheal tube cuff in preventing POST.Methods: In this prospective, randomized study, 50 adult patients undergoing general anesthesia were allocated to receive either 5% EMLA cream (n=25) or betamethasone gel 0.05% (n=25) on the endotracheal tube cuff. The incidence and severity of POST, cough, and hoarseness of voice were assessed at 0, 6, and 24 hours post-extubation. Hemodynamic parameters and adverse events were also recorded.Results: The incidence of POST at 6 hours was significantly lower in the EMLA group (8%) compared to the betamethasone group (32%) (p=0.034). The severity of POST at 6 hours was also significantly lower in the EMLA group (0.1 ± 0.4) compared to the betamethasone group (0.4 ± 0.7) (p=0.048). The incidences of postoperative cough and hoarseness of voice were lower in the EMLA group at all time points, but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Hemodynamic parameters and adverse event profiles were comparable between the groups.Conclusion: The application of 5% EMLA cream on the endotracheal tube cuff significantly reduced the incidence and severity of POST at 6 hours compared to betamethasone gel 0.05% in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. EMLA cream is an effective and safe alternative for preventing POST in this patient population.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a common complication following elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Identifying the incidence and risk factors associated with SSIs is crucial for improving surgical outcomes. Objective: To determine the incidence of SSIs and identify the risk factors associated with infections in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted with 50 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Demographic data, surgical details, and postoperative outcomes were recorded. SSIs were classified into superficial, deep incisional, and organ/space infections. Risk factors such as diabetes, BMI, smoking, and operative time were analyzed using statistical methods. Results: The overall incidence of SSIs was 10%, with 5 patients developing infections: 3 superficial (6%), 1 deep incisional (2%), and 1 organ/space infection (2%). Diabetes was significantly associated with SSIs (30%, p = 0.02), as was obesity (BMI >30) with 25% of obese patients affected (p = 0.03). Prolonged operative time (>120 minutes) was another significant risk factor (33.3%, p = 0.01). Smoking showed a trend toward increased infection risk but was not statistically significant (25%, p = 0.08). Common pathogens included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Two of the infections involved antibiotic-resistant organisms. Conclusion: The incidence of SSIs in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 10%, with diabetes, obesity, and prolonged operative time being significant risk factors. Prophylactic antibiotic use was effective in reducing infection rates. Identifying high-risk patients can help tailor preventative strategies to reduce SSI incidence.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia seen in critically ill patients, which leads to mortality and morbidity. Purpose of this study was to assess the impact of new onset AF in critically ill patients.Methods: We have designed an observational study, with participants aged more than or equal to 18 years, having new onset AF in medical ICU from 1st January, 2024 to 30th September, 2024 with previous documentation of normal sinus rhythm.Results: 28 patients developed new onset AF during the study period in medical ICU. 42.8% was of cardiac origin, whereas 57.2 % was of non-cardiac origin. Mortality was higher among AF of non-cardiac origin. Mortality was higher among hemodynamically unstable patients. New onset AF and mortality in this group was directly proportional to SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score.

Introduction:Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) remains a catastrophic neurological complication with considerable mortality and neurodevelopmental disability in preterm neonates.Given that preterm birth is a major cause, many strategies have been put forth for its prevention . The newest on the present day list is Magnesium Sulphate (MgSo4).Aims and Objectives:To determine the effect of exposure of antenatal magnesium sulfate on intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborns evaluated by cranial ultrasoundand other neonatal complications at birth.Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted on 70 women admitted to labor room in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sawai Mansingh Medical College, Jaipur. Women with singleton pregnancy between 28 to 32 weeks gestational age with expected delivery within 24 hours were included. Groups were allocated using flipcoin method into cases and controls, and the treatment group was administered with Magnesium Sulphate. Neonatal complications were reported at birth. On day 7, cranial ultrasound was done to evaluate IVH and its Papile grading.Results: Our study concluded that the occurence of IVH was low in both groups, though there wasslightly higher occurence ofIVH in the group not receiving MgSO4compared to the groupreceiving MgSO4(11.4% vs 2.9%). HIE(22.9% vs 25.7%), RDS (20% vs 25.7%), ROP(0% vs 5.7%), Hydrocephalus (0% vs 5.7%), Neonatal seizures (5.7% vs 8.6%) and Neonatal mortality (8.6% vs 11.4%) were the neonatal outcomes reported among those administered MgSo4 and those not.Conclusion: This study contributes to the body of evidence indicating that prenatal MgSO4 use on a large scale might be advantageousin prevention of IVH in preterm neonates. It offers a great deal of promise to lessen neurocognitive impairment and safeguard the growing fetal brain.