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Clinical Outcome and Glycemic Control among Type 2 Diabetic Covid-19 Positive Patients With and Without Steroids
Dr. Kajal Anchan M, Dr. E.V.S. Maben, Dr. Ganesh H.K
DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.10432784
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Abstract

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is the pathogen causing coronavirus disease. ACE2 is the surface receptor for SARS CoV-2 invasion in human cell and it is more abundant in the endocrine pancreas than in type 1 and 2 alveoli in the lungs, and there is probability that beta cell destruction can occur during an attack of COVID-19. There have been few studies on the possible consequence of beta cell destruction leading to an increase in the need for diabetic medication in post COVID status. Objective: In this study our main aim is to study glycemic control using HbA1c in covid positive diabetic patients and compare at admission and follow up after 6 months. And to study Clinical outcome in terms of mortality, ICU admission and stay, duration of hospital stay and the requirement of anti-diabetic medications at discharge and after 6 months of follow up and compare between pre covid and post covid requirements in non-steroid and steroid treated diabetic patients.  Materials and Methods: This was a Comparative observational study conducted from March 2020 to June 2021 in AJ Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore. Total of 88 Covid 19 positive diabetic patients were enrolled in this study. Informed consent was taken. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on AIIMS/ICMR Clinical guidance for management of adult COVID-19 patients. Group 1 were diabetic patients treated with steroids and group 2 were diabetic patients not treated with steroids. Between the 2 groups, HbA1c was compared at admission and follow up after 6 months and clinical outcome was analysed in terms of duration of hospital stay, ICU admission and stay, mortality and requirements of anti-diabetic medication at discharge and after 6 months of follow up and compared between pre covid and post covid requirements in non-steroid group and steroid group. Results: The mean HbA1c level showed statistically very high significant difference at admission and follow up among non-steroid group (p<0.001) and steroid group (p<0.001). Adverse clinical outcome seen more among diabetic patients with steroid compared to non-steroid group. The requirement of anti-diabetic medication was found to have increased among 48.3% patients in the steroid group and among 46.2% in the non-steroid group when compared at the time of discharge and follow up. But statistically no significant difference was observed between 2 groups (p>0.05), however clinically the difference was seen. The increase in requirement of anti-diabetic medication among non-steroid and steroid group was 56.8% and 52.3% respectively with significant statistical difference (p<0.05) when compared before and after COVID. Conclusion: Glycemic control in terms of HbA1c was good among both groups when compared at admission and follow up after 6 months. The clinical outcome in terms of duration of hospital stay, ICU admission and stay, mortality is seen more among covid positive diabetic patients treated with steroids compared to non-steroid group. The requirement of anti- diabetic medication has increased in both steroid and non-steroid group when compared at the time of discharge and follow up after 6 months but between the groups statistical significant difference was not observed but clinically difference was seen. We also compared the requirement of anti-diabetic medications before and after covid which is found to have increased in both the groups with significant statistical difference indicating the possibility of pancreatic beta cell damage persisting in post covid status among diabetic patients irrespective of treatment with steroids. But further studies are required on large scale to prove the possibility of pancreatic beta cell damage in post covid diabetic patients.

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