Background The gold standard for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events is low-dose antiplatelet treatment. Due to its advantageous antiplatelet qualities, aspirin has become a medication primarily used to prevent cardiovascular disease. The use of aspirin has been restricted due to its association with gastrointestinal (GI) damage, regardless of its therapeutic applications for which reasons clopidogrel is administered as a substitute. Treatment may be stopped if dyspeptic symptoms arise. The study aims to ascertain the frequency of dyspeptic symptoms in individuals on low-dose antiplatelet treatment for both primary and secondary cardiovascular event prevention in the southern part of Nigeria.

Method: The retrospective study included 291 patients’ demographic data (age, gender, antiplatelet therapy, and presenting GI effects) which were on Low-dose aspirin (LDA) and clopidogrel as antiplatelet therapy

Result: In the study, 52% of subjects were female and 45% were male, aged 16 to 94 (mean age: 55 ± 15.4 years). The majority (54.2%) fell within the 41–60 age group. Antiplatelet therapy included low-dose aspirin (27.5%) and clopidogrel (85.5%). 53.5% of subjects on clopidogrel had a medication history with the use of aspirin and 33% of subjects presented with dyspeptic symptoms which led to the use of clopidogrel instead of LDA. The remaining 13.5% of subjects reported dyspeptic symptoms on use. Dyspeptic symptoms observed included epigastric pain (26.46%), heartburn (14.43%), bloating (12.03%), and dark stools (6.87%). Dyspepsia was noted in 59.79%of patients on antiplatelet therapy in the study population.

Conclusion: Among patients on antiplatelet therapy, the high prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms emphasizes the importance of follow-up by monitoring and managing gastrointestinal side effects in these patients.

Purpose: The study aimed to identify Musculoskeletal Problems among Swimmers at Sayed Nazrul Islam National Swimming Complex in Mirpur, Dhaka. Objective: The objective of this study was to find out socio-demographic information. Methodology: This study was performed in a cross-sectional study design. This study was conducted to determine the. This study's sample was collected through a convenience sampling procedure and a total sample of 52. The data was collected from Dhaka city. The data collection process was a questionnaire with a face-to-face interview. Data was analyzed with Microsoft Office and Excel 2019 using the SPSS 25 version software program and the study chi-square test. Result: This study's participants mean and standard deviation of participants' age where are mean ±SD= 21.56±3.398; About (n=35) 67.30% were less than 22 years old, (n=13) 25% were 22-26 years old and (n=4) 7.70% greater than 26 years old. And the sex of the participants (n=44), 84.60% were male, and (n=8) 15.40% were female. This study found that 30.8% of participants felt pain in their bodies, and 69.2% felt no pain in their bodies. About 43.8% claimed their neck pain, 56.3% of respondents had shoulder pain, 6.3% had elbow pain, 18.8% had back pain, 37.5% suffered from hip pain, and the rest of the 37.5% had knee pain. Then, the researcher found that (n=36) 69.2% felt no pain, (n=15) 28.8% felt mild pain and (n=1) 1.9% were moderate pain. And about 57.70% had muscle cramps. Conclusion: This study focused on swimmers' musculoskeletal problems in Dhaka. There is an urgent need for the physician and medical care for swimmers

The symptoms of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), often called "Pickwickian syndrome," include hypercapnia during the day, sleep-disordered breathing, and obesity overall. An exclusionary diagnosis. A worsening of or a persistent condition of increasing dyspnea might be observed in patients. This case study details the symptoms and management of a 61-year-old female patient who arrived with shortness of breath with physical exercise and was diagnosed with severe obesity (BMI: 51.9 kg/m2). Very high levels of carbon monoxide were detected in the arterial blood gas (ABG) study. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypothyroidism were all present in this patient. After the patient was stabilised, they were quickly treated with non-invasive ventilatory (NIV) support and supportive care. The patient was prescribed NIV to use overnight and was discharged.

Introduction: Soft tissue refers to non-epithelial tissue, Soft tissue is a specialized form of tissue derived from the mesenchymal component of the embryo. It includes adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, skeletal muscles, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and peripheral nervous system and is exclusive of skin, bone, lymphoreticular system, glia and soft tissues of various parenchymal organs. Soft tissue tumors (STT) are categorized into benign, intermediate and malignant. The incidence of benign STT is higher when compared to malignant tumors.  Histopathology is considered the gold standard method for the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. Different special stains along with Immunohistochemistry are applied to increase the diagnostic accuracy of soft tissue tumors.

Material and Method: The study was conducted on soft tissue tumors over the period from July 2022 to December 2023, with a total of 189 cases in the Department of Pathology.

Results: : A total of 189 soft tissue tumor  biopsy specimens were received in the pathology department including the age range 1 to 60 years and gender (Male/Female). Most common age group is 20-40 years (40.74%). Among them most of tumors are Benign 169(89.41%), some are Malignant 20(10.58%). The most common benign soft tissue tumor were Leiomyoma ,Lipoma , Hemangioma , Schwannoma and Lymphangioma, Angiomyolipoma, desmoid tumor, nodular fasciitis , glomangiopericytoma, benign fibrous histiocytoma. The most common benign soft tissue tumor was Leiomyoma 74(39.15%), followed by Lipoma 40(21.16%).Benign soft tissue tumors showed female preponderance with peak incidence in 3rd and 4th decade. Malignant tumor was Dermatofibrosarcoma  protuberance , malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential, epithelioid sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, solitary fibrous tumor, undifferentiated sarcoma.

Conclusion: Benign soft tissue tumors were relatively more common than the malignant tumors. Leiomyoma was the commonest benign soft tissue tumor followed by Lipoma. Histopathological diagnosis of soft tissue tumors is important for further management of patients. Histopathological study along with IHC wherever necessary , should go hand in hand to make an effective and complete diagnosis of soft tissue tumors

Adolescents rarely present with bloody nipple discharge, associated with benign breast diseases like benign phyllodes tumor and fibroadenoma. Even though they are usually benign, if there is a palpable lesion, a full investigation into the cause and course of treatment is necessary. We hereby report a case of 20-year-oldyoung girl with bloody nipple discharge who had no previous significant medical history. Breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) classified the solid, oval-shaped, circumscribed mass seen on breast ultrasonography as category III. It was located in the right subareolar region. On FNAC, it was diagnosed as Cellular fibroadenoma and was confirmed on histopathological examination. Even though bloody nipple discharge is uncommon in children, noninvasive diagnostics and image-guided treatment planning can be benefitted from ultrasound evaluation and knowledge of characteristic findings

Background: Psoriasis has a wide range of clinical presentations, unresolved etiology, association with distress, and no definitive treatment. It is very important to have a greater familiarity with the signs and symptoms of the disease so that appropriate treatment can be provided at its earliest. Therefore, this study aimed at understanding the clinical patterns & epidemiological profile of psoriasis.

Materials & methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted over a duration of 18 months in the Department of Dermatology of a tertiary care hospital. The study included all the patients visiting the department who were diagnosed with psoriasis. A clinical examination and biopsy (if needed) were performed. Body mass index (BMI), age of onset, duration, patterns of skin lesions, percentage body surface area (BSA) of involvement, presence of nail psoriasis, and presence of Psoriatic arthropathy, and psoriasis area severity index (PASI)were assessed.

Results: The study included 152 subjects; most of the subjects were 21-60 years old (81.5%). Men are more likely to be affected than women. Most commonly patients present with the complaint of itching (82.4%).The mean±standard deviation of the age of onset was 33.90±14.27 years and the PASI score was 7.6475±5.88. Psoriasis vulgaris, which accounts for 69.38% of cases, is determined to be the most prevalent form of the disease, followed by palmoplantar psoriasis, which accounts for 16.25% of cases.

Conclusion: The epidemiological characteristics of psoriasis observed in this study are comparable to those observed in other parts of the world.

Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious complication of chronic liver disease characterized by the presence of various states of altered mental status, ranging from mild alteration in sleep wake cycle to obtundation and deep coma.

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is defined as early stage of hepatic encephalopathy without symptoms on clinical and neurological examination but with mild cognitive impairment and attention deficits.

Various combination of psychomotor test has been assessed for their use in diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

Aim: To study the Proportion of patients presenting with minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis liver and also to find out the correlation between results of psychometric tests.

Result: Age Distribution of 120 patients showed majority of the patients were in age group of 31- 40 years and gender distribution showed 92.5% were males. Majority of the patients had alcoholic cirrhosis as the etiology (79.1%). Among the clinical features distension of the abdomen was the most common symptoms and among the clinical signs pallor (55%) was the most common, followed by splenomegaly (48.33%). On calculating Child Pugh’s score it was seen that 44.17% patients were in Child Class B. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy was found to be highest in Child Pugh Class B (56.6%). Patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy with gastro esophageal varices and was found to be statistically significant (P-value <0.001).

Conclusion: The single centered cross-sectional observational hospital-based study performed with 120 cases of cirrhosis of liver without overt hepatic encephalopathy showed majority of patients have abnormal psychometric test- number connection test (NCT A), digital symbol test etc

Stentolith also known as stent-stone complex of common bile duct is rare long -term complication of forgotten or retained stent. Most common long-term complication of retained common bile duct stent is cholangitis with stone. We reported a 60 years old female presented with cholangitis and having history of ERCP and laparoscopic cholecystectomy 7 and 5 years ago respectively. MRCP shows dilated CBD, CHD, central and peripheral IHBR with a tubular filling defect of 8.2 cm in CHD, CBD and extending up to 2nd part of duodenum and also a small filling defect in cystic duct remnant. Patient underwent for open CBD exploration. Retained stent and multiple stones are removed. She had an uneventful post-operative course. Patient should be advised for regular follow up and stent removal after 6 weeks..

Aims and objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the detection of sellar region tumors and to study the correlation between MRI and histopatological findings in their evaluation.

Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was performed in the department of Radiology and imaging in collaboration with department of Neurosurgery and Pathology, ASRAM Medical college and Hospital, Eluru, during the period of May 2022 to March 2023. MRI of brain was performed using 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, Seimens Magnetom Avento Syngo (MR D- 13) 16 channel machine on 35 patients referred for evaluation of sellar region tumors and the findings were correlated with histopathological results post-operatively.

Results: The mean age group of sellar region tumors was 32.4 (±1.85) years. Most common sellar region lesion diagnosed on MRI was pituitary macroadenoma comprising 37% of the total cases. Among the total MRI diagnosed 35 cases, 28 (80%) cases were confirmed histopathologically. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) of MRI in diagnosing sellar region tumors were in the range of 88.9- 94.3%, 80- 91.7%, 89.7-96.7%, and 95.5- 96.7%, respectively.

Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in diagnosing various types of sellar region tumors almost paralleled histopathological results (gold standard) and was found in between 82% to 91%. This research concludes that MRI is a useful imaging technique for the diagnosis of malignancies in the sellarregions and pituitary adenoma

Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) is widely used as an adaptogenic medicinal herbin Ayurveda, the Indian system of Medicine. This study assessedpotential toxic effects associated with repeated oral administration of Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) for two weeks in Wistar rats. Twenty male and female Wistar rats were assigned to four groups viz., control, ARE (500/1000/2000 mg/kg body weight per day). Animals were observed for mortality/morbidity, clinical signs of toxicity (daily cage side observation), clinical examination (gait, mobility, arousal level, respiration, clonic/tonic movement, stereotype, bizarre behaviour, defecation, urine pools, vocalization, and rearing) prior to dosing and before necropsy day, body weight (weekly), and feed consumption. After 14 days, the animals were euthanized (CO2) and subjected to detailed gross necropsy (examination of external orifices, cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities, and their contents). Organs (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, brain, adrenal, thymus, ovaries, uterus with cervix, testes, and epididymis) were removed and weighed. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed with Ashwagandhatreated groups, and it had nosignificant (p>0.05) effect on body weight and feed consumption by animals compared to control. No differences (p>0.05) were observed between ARE treated animals and control with respect to the absolute and relative organ weightand gross pathological findings. Ashwagandha root extract was found to be well tolerated in doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight administered orally for 14 days in Wistar rats.